Air Pollution—An Overlooked Risk Factor for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Air pollution is a major environmental risk to health and a global public health concern. In 2016, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), ambient air pollution in cities and rural areas was estimated to cause 4.2 million premature deaths. It is estimated that around 91% of the world’s pop...
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doaj-710a323e13e64781ab68e646d3b55a7a2020-12-29T00:02:23ZengMDPI AGJournal of Clinical Medicine2077-03832021-12-0110777710.3390/jcm10010077Air Pollution—An Overlooked Risk Factor for Idiopathic Pulmonary FibrosisSebastian Majewski0Wojciech J. Piotrowski1Department of Pneumology and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, 90-153 Lodz, PolandDepartment of Pneumology and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, 90-153 Lodz, PolandAir pollution is a major environmental risk to health and a global public health concern. In 2016, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), ambient air pollution in cities and rural areas was estimated to cause 4.2 million premature deaths. It is estimated that around 91% of the world’s population lives in places where air pollution exceeds the limits recommended by the WHO. Sources of air pollution are multiple and context-specific. Air pollution exposures are established risk factors for development and adverse health outcomes in many respiratory diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or lung cancer. However, possible associations between air pollution and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) have not been adequately studied and air pollution seems to be an underrecognized risk factor for IPF. This narrative review describes potential mechanisms triggered by ambient air pollution and their possible roles in the initiation of the pathogenic process and adverse health effects in IPF. Additionally, we summarize the most current research evidence from the clinical studies supporting links between air pollution and IPF.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/1/77idiopathic pulmonary fibrosisIPFair pollutionrisk factorshealth outcomes |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Sebastian Majewski Wojciech J. Piotrowski |
spellingShingle |
Sebastian Majewski Wojciech J. Piotrowski Air Pollution—An Overlooked Risk Factor for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Journal of Clinical Medicine idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis IPF air pollution risk factors health outcomes |
author_facet |
Sebastian Majewski Wojciech J. Piotrowski |
author_sort |
Sebastian Majewski |
title |
Air Pollution—An Overlooked Risk Factor for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis |
title_short |
Air Pollution—An Overlooked Risk Factor for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis |
title_full |
Air Pollution—An Overlooked Risk Factor for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis |
title_fullStr |
Air Pollution—An Overlooked Risk Factor for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis |
title_full_unstemmed |
Air Pollution—An Overlooked Risk Factor for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis |
title_sort |
air pollution—an overlooked risk factor for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Journal of Clinical Medicine |
issn |
2077-0383 |
publishDate |
2021-12-01 |
description |
Air pollution is a major environmental risk to health and a global public health concern. In 2016, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), ambient air pollution in cities and rural areas was estimated to cause 4.2 million premature deaths. It is estimated that around 91% of the world’s population lives in places where air pollution exceeds the limits recommended by the WHO. Sources of air pollution are multiple and context-specific. Air pollution exposures are established risk factors for development and adverse health outcomes in many respiratory diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or lung cancer. However, possible associations between air pollution and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) have not been adequately studied and air pollution seems to be an underrecognized risk factor for IPF. This narrative review describes potential mechanisms triggered by ambient air pollution and their possible roles in the initiation of the pathogenic process and adverse health effects in IPF. Additionally, we summarize the most current research evidence from the clinical studies supporting links between air pollution and IPF. |
topic |
idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis IPF air pollution risk factors health outcomes |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/1/77 |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT sebastianmajewski airpollutionanoverlookedriskfactorforidiopathicpulmonaryfibrosis AT wojciechjpiotrowski airpollutionanoverlookedriskfactorforidiopathicpulmonaryfibrosis |
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