Effects of Sex Steroids on Fish Leukocytes
In vertebrates, in addition to their classically reproductive functions, steroids regulate the immune system. This action is possible mainly due to the presence of steroid receptors in the different immune cell types. Much evidence suggests that the immune system of fish is vulnerable to xenosteroid...
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doaj-739445ca0e3b4961a19cf590898299e62020-11-24T23:26:30ZengMDPI AGBiology2079-77372018-01-0171910.3390/biology7010009biology7010009Effects of Sex Steroids on Fish LeukocytesElena Chaves-Pozo0Alfonsa García-Ayala1Isabel Cabas2Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, 30860 Puerto de Mazarrón, SpainDepartment of Cell Biology and Histology, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum,” University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, SpainDepartment of Cell Biology and Histology, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum,” University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, SpainIn vertebrates, in addition to their classically reproductive functions, steroids regulate the immune system. This action is possible mainly due to the presence of steroid receptors in the different immune cell types. Much evidence suggests that the immune system of fish is vulnerable to xenosteroids, which are ubiquitous in the aquatic environment. In vivo and in vitro assays have amply demonstrated that oestrogens interfere with both the innate and the adaptive immune system of fish by regulating the main leukocyte activities and transcriptional genes. They activate nuclear oestrogen receptors and/or G-protein coupled oestrogen receptor. Less understood is the role of androgens in the immune system, mainly due to the complexity of the transcriptional regulation of androgen receptors in fish. The aim of this manuscript is to review our present knowledge concerning the effect of sex steroid hormones and the presence of their receptors on fish leukocytes, taking into consideration that the studies performed vary as regard the fish species, doses, exposure protocols and hormones used. Moreover, we also include evidence of the probable role of progestins in the regulation of the immune system of fish.http://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/7/1/9oestrogensandrogensprogestinsimmune systemleukocytesteleosts |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Elena Chaves-Pozo Alfonsa García-Ayala Isabel Cabas |
spellingShingle |
Elena Chaves-Pozo Alfonsa García-Ayala Isabel Cabas Effects of Sex Steroids on Fish Leukocytes Biology oestrogens androgens progestins immune system leukocytes teleosts |
author_facet |
Elena Chaves-Pozo Alfonsa García-Ayala Isabel Cabas |
author_sort |
Elena Chaves-Pozo |
title |
Effects of Sex Steroids on Fish Leukocytes |
title_short |
Effects of Sex Steroids on Fish Leukocytes |
title_full |
Effects of Sex Steroids on Fish Leukocytes |
title_fullStr |
Effects of Sex Steroids on Fish Leukocytes |
title_full_unstemmed |
Effects of Sex Steroids on Fish Leukocytes |
title_sort |
effects of sex steroids on fish leukocytes |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Biology |
issn |
2079-7737 |
publishDate |
2018-01-01 |
description |
In vertebrates, in addition to their classically reproductive functions, steroids regulate the immune system. This action is possible mainly due to the presence of steroid receptors in the different immune cell types. Much evidence suggests that the immune system of fish is vulnerable to xenosteroids, which are ubiquitous in the aquatic environment. In vivo and in vitro assays have amply demonstrated that oestrogens interfere with both the innate and the adaptive immune system of fish by regulating the main leukocyte activities and transcriptional genes. They activate nuclear oestrogen receptors and/or G-protein coupled oestrogen receptor. Less understood is the role of androgens in the immune system, mainly due to the complexity of the transcriptional regulation of androgen receptors in fish. The aim of this manuscript is to review our present knowledge concerning the effect of sex steroid hormones and the presence of their receptors on fish leukocytes, taking into consideration that the studies performed vary as regard the fish species, doses, exposure protocols and hormones used. Moreover, we also include evidence of the probable role of progestins in the regulation of the immune system of fish. |
topic |
oestrogens androgens progestins immune system leukocytes teleosts |
url |
http://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/7/1/9 |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT elenachavespozo effectsofsexsteroidsonfishleukocytes AT alfonsagarciaayala effectsofsexsteroidsonfishleukocytes AT isabelcabas effectsofsexsteroidsonfishleukocytes |
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1725554904816156672 |