Living in the Southern Hemisphere: Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components in Amazonian Riverine Populations

The metabolic syndrome (MetS) epidemic is a global challenge. Although developing countries (including Brazil, India, and South Africa) present a higher proportion of deaths by cardiovascular diseases than developed countries, most of our knowledge is from these developed countries. Amazonian riveri...

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Main Authors: Gabriela P. Arrifano, Jacqueline I. Alvarez-Leite, Barbarella M. Macchi, Núbia F. S. S. Campos, Marcus Augusto-Oliveira, Letícia Santos-Sacramento, Amanda Lopes-Araújo, José Rogério Souza-Monteiro, Raquel Alburquerque-Santos, José Luiz M. do Nascimento, Sidney Santos, Ândrea Ribeiro-dos-Santos, Reinaldo B. Oriá, Maria Elena Crespo-Lopez
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2021-08-01
Series:Journal of Clinical Medicine
Subjects:
HDL
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/16/3630
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author Gabriela P. Arrifano
Jacqueline I. Alvarez-Leite
Barbarella M. Macchi
Núbia F. S. S. Campos
Marcus Augusto-Oliveira
Letícia Santos-Sacramento
Amanda Lopes-Araújo
José Rogério Souza-Monteiro
Raquel Alburquerque-Santos
José Luiz M. do Nascimento
Sidney Santos
Ândrea Ribeiro-dos-Santos
Reinaldo B. Oriá
Maria Elena Crespo-Lopez
spellingShingle Gabriela P. Arrifano
Jacqueline I. Alvarez-Leite
Barbarella M. Macchi
Núbia F. S. S. Campos
Marcus Augusto-Oliveira
Letícia Santos-Sacramento
Amanda Lopes-Araújo
José Rogério Souza-Monteiro
Raquel Alburquerque-Santos
José Luiz M. do Nascimento
Sidney Santos
Ândrea Ribeiro-dos-Santos
Reinaldo B. Oriá
Maria Elena Crespo-Lopez
Living in the Southern Hemisphere: Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components in Amazonian Riverine Populations
Journal of Clinical Medicine
cardiovascular disease
cholesterol
hypertension
risk factor
dyslipidemia
HDL
author_facet Gabriela P. Arrifano
Jacqueline I. Alvarez-Leite
Barbarella M. Macchi
Núbia F. S. S. Campos
Marcus Augusto-Oliveira
Letícia Santos-Sacramento
Amanda Lopes-Araújo
José Rogério Souza-Monteiro
Raquel Alburquerque-Santos
José Luiz M. do Nascimento
Sidney Santos
Ândrea Ribeiro-dos-Santos
Reinaldo B. Oriá
Maria Elena Crespo-Lopez
author_sort Gabriela P. Arrifano
title Living in the Southern Hemisphere: Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components in Amazonian Riverine Populations
title_short Living in the Southern Hemisphere: Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components in Amazonian Riverine Populations
title_full Living in the Southern Hemisphere: Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components in Amazonian Riverine Populations
title_fullStr Living in the Southern Hemisphere: Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components in Amazonian Riverine Populations
title_full_unstemmed Living in the Southern Hemisphere: Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components in Amazonian Riverine Populations
title_sort living in the southern hemisphere: metabolic syndrome and its components in amazonian riverine populations
publisher MDPI AG
series Journal of Clinical Medicine
issn 2077-0383
publishDate 2021-08-01
description The metabolic syndrome (MetS) epidemic is a global challenge. Although developing countries (including Brazil, India, and South Africa) present a higher proportion of deaths by cardiovascular diseases than developed countries, most of our knowledge is from these developed countries. Amazonian riverine populations (ARP), as well as other vulnerable populations of the Southern Hemisphere, share low-income and traditional practices, among other features. This large cross-sectional study of ARP (<i>n</i> = 818) shows high prevalence of hypertension (51%) and obesity (23%). MetS was diagnosed in 38% of participants (especially in women and 60–69 years-old individuals) without the influence of ancestry. Only 7–8% of adults had no cardio-metabolic abnormalities related to MetS. Atherogenic dyslipidemia (low HDL-cholesterol) was generally observed, including in individuals without MetS. Still, slight differences were detected between settings with a clear predominance of hypertension in Tucuruí. Hypotheses on possible genetic influence and factors (nutrition transition and environmental pollutants -mercury) are proposed for future studies. Moreover, a roadmap to MetS progression based on the most prevalent components is provided for the development of tailored interventions in the Amazon (initially, individuals would present low HDL-cholesterol levels, later progressing to increased blood pressure characterizing hypertension, and ultimately reaching MetS with obesity). Our alarming results support the need to improve our knowledge on these vulnerable populations.
topic cardiovascular disease
cholesterol
hypertension
risk factor
dyslipidemia
HDL
url https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/16/3630
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spelling doaj-73e627ef255b4acf99f8d243270df4912021-08-26T13:55:36ZengMDPI AGJournal of Clinical Medicine2077-03832021-08-01103630363010.3390/jcm10163630Living in the Southern Hemisphere: Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components in Amazonian Riverine PopulationsGabriela P. Arrifano0Jacqueline I. Alvarez-Leite1Barbarella M. Macchi2Núbia F. S. S. Campos3Marcus Augusto-Oliveira4Letícia Santos-Sacramento5Amanda Lopes-Araújo6José Rogério Souza-Monteiro7Raquel Alburquerque-Santos8José Luiz M. do Nascimento9Sidney Santos10Ândrea Ribeiro-dos-Santos11Reinaldo B. Oriá12Maria Elena Crespo-Lopez13Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, BrazilLaboratório de Aterosclerose e Bioquímica Nutricional, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30161-970, BrazilLaboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, BrazilLaboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, BrazilLaboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, BrazilLaboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, BrazilLaboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, BrazilFaculdade de Medicina, Campus de Altamira, Universidade Federal do Pará, Altamira 68372-040, BrazilLaboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, BrazilLaboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, BrazilLaboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, BrazilLaboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, BrazilLaboratório de Biologia da Cicatrização, Ontogenia e Nutrição de Tecidos, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-160, BrazilLaboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, BrazilThe metabolic syndrome (MetS) epidemic is a global challenge. Although developing countries (including Brazil, India, and South Africa) present a higher proportion of deaths by cardiovascular diseases than developed countries, most of our knowledge is from these developed countries. Amazonian riverine populations (ARP), as well as other vulnerable populations of the Southern Hemisphere, share low-income and traditional practices, among other features. This large cross-sectional study of ARP (<i>n</i> = 818) shows high prevalence of hypertension (51%) and obesity (23%). MetS was diagnosed in 38% of participants (especially in women and 60–69 years-old individuals) without the influence of ancestry. Only 7–8% of adults had no cardio-metabolic abnormalities related to MetS. Atherogenic dyslipidemia (low HDL-cholesterol) was generally observed, including in individuals without MetS. Still, slight differences were detected between settings with a clear predominance of hypertension in Tucuruí. Hypotheses on possible genetic influence and factors (nutrition transition and environmental pollutants -mercury) are proposed for future studies. Moreover, a roadmap to MetS progression based on the most prevalent components is provided for the development of tailored interventions in the Amazon (initially, individuals would present low HDL-cholesterol levels, later progressing to increased blood pressure characterizing hypertension, and ultimately reaching MetS with obesity). Our alarming results support the need to improve our knowledge on these vulnerable populations.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/16/3630cardiovascular diseasecholesterolhypertensionrisk factordyslipidemiaHDL