Effect of milk fat-based infant formulae on stool fatty acid soaps and calcium excretion in healthy term infants: two double-blind randomised cross-over trials
Abstract Background Palmitic acid (PA) is predominantly esterified at the SN-2 position of triacylglycerols in human milk. PA at the SN-2 position is more efficiently absorbed and results in reduced formation of PA soaps, as well as reduced fatty acid (FA) and calcium malabsorption. Bovine milk fat...
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doaj-764647731f4d41dda437eb19a7a67e282020-11-25T02:52:20ZengBMCBMC Nutrition2055-09282020-09-016111010.1186/s40795-020-00365-4Effect of milk fat-based infant formulae on stool fatty acid soaps and calcium excretion in healthy term infants: two double-blind randomised cross-over trialsYannis Manios0Eva Karaglani1Inge Thijs-Verhoeven2Elpis Vlachopapadopoulou3Anastasia Papazoglou4Eleni Maragoudaki5Zafeiris Manikas6Tarek-Michail Kampani7Iliana Christaki8Marlotte M. Vonk9Rolf Bos10Panam Parikh11Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio UniversityDepartment of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio UniversityFrieslandCampina, Stationsplein 1Department of Endocrinology-Growth and Development, Children’s Hospital P. & A. KyriakouDepartment of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio UniversityDepartment of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio UniversityDepartment of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio UniversityDepartment of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio UniversityDepartment of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio UniversityFrieslandCampina, Stationsplein 1FrieslandCampina, Stationsplein 1FrieslandCampina, Stationsplein 1Abstract Background Palmitic acid (PA) is predominantly esterified at the SN-2 position of triacylglycerols in human milk. PA at the SN-2 position is more efficiently absorbed and results in reduced formation of PA soaps, as well as reduced fatty acid (FA) and calcium malabsorption. Bovine milk fat (MF), a natural source of SN-2-palmitate, was used in the fat blend of infant formulae (IF) in the current study to investigate its effect on stool fatty acid soaps, calcium excretion and stool characteristics. Methods Two double-blind, randomised cross-over trials (CS1, CS2) were conducted in parallel with healthy term, formula-fed infants aged 9–14 weeks. After a two-week run-in period, infants in CS1 (n = 17) were randomly allocated to receive either a 50% MF-based formula (50MF) or a 100% vegetable fat (VF) formula; in CS2 (n = 18), infants received either a 20% MF-based formula (20MF) or the VF formula, in a 2 × 2-week cross-over design. At the end of each two-week intervention period, stool samples were collected for FA, FA soaps and calcium excretion analysis and stool consistency was assessed according to the Amsterdam Infant Stool Scale (AISS). Results MF-based groups showed no significant difference in PA in stools compared to VF group, although reduced stool PA soaps (CS1: 111.28 ± 18.33 vs. 220.25 ± 29.35 mg/g dry weight, p < 0.0001; CS2: 216.24 ± 25.16 vs. 233.94 ± 35.12 mg/g dry weight, p = 0.0023), total FA soaps and calcium excretion (CS1: 46.40 ± 5.27 vs. 49.88 ± 4.77 mg/g dry weight, p = 0.0041; CS2: 46.20 ± 4.26 vs. 50.47 ± 6.71 mg/g dry weight, p = 0.0067) were observed. Furthermore, the 50MF group showed a favourable lower mean stool consistency score compared to the VF group (1.64 ± 0.49 vs. 2.03 ± 0.19, p = 0.0008). Conclusions While the use of bovine MF in IF did not affect PA concentrations in stool, lower excretion of palmitate soaps, total FA soaps and calcium was seen in healthy term infants. 50MF formula also showed improved stool consistency. The use of MF in IF could be an interesting approach to improve gut comfort and stool characteristics in infants, warranting further research. Trial registration Netherlands Trial Registry Identifier: NTR6702 . Date registered: December 01, 2017.http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40795-020-00365-4Milk fatSN-2-palmitatePalmitate soapCalcium excretionStool consistencyAmsterdam infant stool scale |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Yannis Manios Eva Karaglani Inge Thijs-Verhoeven Elpis Vlachopapadopoulou Anastasia Papazoglou Eleni Maragoudaki Zafeiris Manikas Tarek-Michail Kampani Iliana Christaki Marlotte M. Vonk Rolf Bos Panam Parikh |
spellingShingle |
Yannis Manios Eva Karaglani Inge Thijs-Verhoeven Elpis Vlachopapadopoulou Anastasia Papazoglou Eleni Maragoudaki Zafeiris Manikas Tarek-Michail Kampani Iliana Christaki Marlotte M. Vonk Rolf Bos Panam Parikh Effect of milk fat-based infant formulae on stool fatty acid soaps and calcium excretion in healthy term infants: two double-blind randomised cross-over trials BMC Nutrition Milk fat SN-2-palmitate Palmitate soap Calcium excretion Stool consistency Amsterdam infant stool scale |
author_facet |
Yannis Manios Eva Karaglani Inge Thijs-Verhoeven Elpis Vlachopapadopoulou Anastasia Papazoglou Eleni Maragoudaki Zafeiris Manikas Tarek-Michail Kampani Iliana Christaki Marlotte M. Vonk Rolf Bos Panam Parikh |
author_sort |
Yannis Manios |
title |
Effect of milk fat-based infant formulae on stool fatty acid soaps and calcium excretion in healthy term infants: two double-blind randomised cross-over trials |
title_short |
Effect of milk fat-based infant formulae on stool fatty acid soaps and calcium excretion in healthy term infants: two double-blind randomised cross-over trials |
title_full |
Effect of milk fat-based infant formulae on stool fatty acid soaps and calcium excretion in healthy term infants: two double-blind randomised cross-over trials |
title_fullStr |
Effect of milk fat-based infant formulae on stool fatty acid soaps and calcium excretion in healthy term infants: two double-blind randomised cross-over trials |
title_full_unstemmed |
Effect of milk fat-based infant formulae on stool fatty acid soaps and calcium excretion in healthy term infants: two double-blind randomised cross-over trials |
title_sort |
effect of milk fat-based infant formulae on stool fatty acid soaps and calcium excretion in healthy term infants: two double-blind randomised cross-over trials |
publisher |
BMC |
series |
BMC Nutrition |
issn |
2055-0928 |
publishDate |
2020-09-01 |
description |
Abstract Background Palmitic acid (PA) is predominantly esterified at the SN-2 position of triacylglycerols in human milk. PA at the SN-2 position is more efficiently absorbed and results in reduced formation of PA soaps, as well as reduced fatty acid (FA) and calcium malabsorption. Bovine milk fat (MF), a natural source of SN-2-palmitate, was used in the fat blend of infant formulae (IF) in the current study to investigate its effect on stool fatty acid soaps, calcium excretion and stool characteristics. Methods Two double-blind, randomised cross-over trials (CS1, CS2) were conducted in parallel with healthy term, formula-fed infants aged 9–14 weeks. After a two-week run-in period, infants in CS1 (n = 17) were randomly allocated to receive either a 50% MF-based formula (50MF) or a 100% vegetable fat (VF) formula; in CS2 (n = 18), infants received either a 20% MF-based formula (20MF) or the VF formula, in a 2 × 2-week cross-over design. At the end of each two-week intervention period, stool samples were collected for FA, FA soaps and calcium excretion analysis and stool consistency was assessed according to the Amsterdam Infant Stool Scale (AISS). Results MF-based groups showed no significant difference in PA in stools compared to VF group, although reduced stool PA soaps (CS1: 111.28 ± 18.33 vs. 220.25 ± 29.35 mg/g dry weight, p < 0.0001; CS2: 216.24 ± 25.16 vs. 233.94 ± 35.12 mg/g dry weight, p = 0.0023), total FA soaps and calcium excretion (CS1: 46.40 ± 5.27 vs. 49.88 ± 4.77 mg/g dry weight, p = 0.0041; CS2: 46.20 ± 4.26 vs. 50.47 ± 6.71 mg/g dry weight, p = 0.0067) were observed. Furthermore, the 50MF group showed a favourable lower mean stool consistency score compared to the VF group (1.64 ± 0.49 vs. 2.03 ± 0.19, p = 0.0008). Conclusions While the use of bovine MF in IF did not affect PA concentrations in stool, lower excretion of palmitate soaps, total FA soaps and calcium was seen in healthy term infants. 50MF formula also showed improved stool consistency. The use of MF in IF could be an interesting approach to improve gut comfort and stool characteristics in infants, warranting further research. Trial registration Netherlands Trial Registry Identifier: NTR6702 . Date registered: December 01, 2017. |
topic |
Milk fat SN-2-palmitate Palmitate soap Calcium excretion Stool consistency Amsterdam infant stool scale |
url |
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40795-020-00365-4 |
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