Simple and Equipment-Free Paper-Based Device for Determination of Mercury in Contaminated Soil
This work presents a simple and innovative protocol employing a microfluidic paper-based analytical device (µPAD) for equipment-free determination of mercury. In this method, mercury (II) forms an ionic-association complex of tetraiodomercurate (II) ion (HgI<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</...
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doaj-76f2b269db39402ab64e1fc3ee6bec1c2021-04-01T23:07:06ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492021-04-01262004200410.3390/molecules26072004Simple and Equipment-Free Paper-Based Device for Determination of Mercury in Contaminated SoilHikmanita Lisan Nashukha0Jirayu Sitanurak1Hermin Sulistyarti2Duangjai Nacapricha3Kanchana Uraisin4Flow Innovation-Research for Science and Technology Laboratories (Firstlabs), Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, Bangkok 10400, ThailandFlow Innovation-Research for Science and Technology Laboratories (Firstlabs), Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, Bangkok 10400, ThailandDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Brawijaya University, Jl. Veteran Malang 65145, IndonesiaFlow Innovation-Research for Science and Technology Laboratories (Firstlabs), Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, Bangkok 10400, ThailandFlow Innovation-Research for Science and Technology Laboratories (Firstlabs), Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, Bangkok 10400, ThailandThis work presents a simple and innovative protocol employing a microfluidic paper-based analytical device (µPAD) for equipment-free determination of mercury. In this method, mercury (II) forms an ionic-association complex of tetraiodomercurate (II) ion (HgI<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup><sub>(aq)</sub>) using a known excess amount of iodide. The residual iodide flows by capillary action into a second region of the paper where it is converted to iodine by pre-deposited iodate to liberate I<sub>2(g)</sub> under acidic condition. Iodine vapor diffuses across the spacer region of the µPAD to form a purple colored of tri-iodide starch complex in a detection zone located in a separate layer of the µPAD. The digital image of the complex is analyzed using ImageJ software. The method has a linear calibration range of 50–350 mg L<sup>−1</sup> Hg with the detection limit of 20 mg L<sup>−1</sup>. The method was successfully applied to the determination of mercury in contaminated soil and water samples which the results agreed well with the ICP-MS method. Three soil samples were highly contaminated with mercury above the acceptable WHO limits (0.05 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first colorimetric µPAD method that is applicable for soil samples including mercury contaminated soils from gold mining areas.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/7/2004tetraiodomercuratemercurypaper-basediodometrysoilwater |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Hikmanita Lisan Nashukha Jirayu Sitanurak Hermin Sulistyarti Duangjai Nacapricha Kanchana Uraisin |
spellingShingle |
Hikmanita Lisan Nashukha Jirayu Sitanurak Hermin Sulistyarti Duangjai Nacapricha Kanchana Uraisin Simple and Equipment-Free Paper-Based Device for Determination of Mercury in Contaminated Soil Molecules tetraiodomercurate mercury paper-based iodometry soil water |
author_facet |
Hikmanita Lisan Nashukha Jirayu Sitanurak Hermin Sulistyarti Duangjai Nacapricha Kanchana Uraisin |
author_sort |
Hikmanita Lisan Nashukha |
title |
Simple and Equipment-Free Paper-Based Device for Determination of Mercury in Contaminated Soil |
title_short |
Simple and Equipment-Free Paper-Based Device for Determination of Mercury in Contaminated Soil |
title_full |
Simple and Equipment-Free Paper-Based Device for Determination of Mercury in Contaminated Soil |
title_fullStr |
Simple and Equipment-Free Paper-Based Device for Determination of Mercury in Contaminated Soil |
title_full_unstemmed |
Simple and Equipment-Free Paper-Based Device for Determination of Mercury in Contaminated Soil |
title_sort |
simple and equipment-free paper-based device for determination of mercury in contaminated soil |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Molecules |
issn |
1420-3049 |
publishDate |
2021-04-01 |
description |
This work presents a simple and innovative protocol employing a microfluidic paper-based analytical device (µPAD) for equipment-free determination of mercury. In this method, mercury (II) forms an ionic-association complex of tetraiodomercurate (II) ion (HgI<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup><sub>(aq)</sub>) using a known excess amount of iodide. The residual iodide flows by capillary action into a second region of the paper where it is converted to iodine by pre-deposited iodate to liberate I<sub>2(g)</sub> under acidic condition. Iodine vapor diffuses across the spacer region of the µPAD to form a purple colored of tri-iodide starch complex in a detection zone located in a separate layer of the µPAD. The digital image of the complex is analyzed using ImageJ software. The method has a linear calibration range of 50–350 mg L<sup>−1</sup> Hg with the detection limit of 20 mg L<sup>−1</sup>. The method was successfully applied to the determination of mercury in contaminated soil and water samples which the results agreed well with the ICP-MS method. Three soil samples were highly contaminated with mercury above the acceptable WHO limits (0.05 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first colorimetric µPAD method that is applicable for soil samples including mercury contaminated soils from gold mining areas. |
topic |
tetraiodomercurate mercury paper-based iodometry soil water |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/7/2004 |
work_keys_str_mv |
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