Novel Hopfield Neural Network Model with Election Algorithm for Random 3 Satisfiability

• Main Authors: Muna Mohammed Bazuhair, Siti Zulaikha Mohd Jamaludin, Nur Ezlin Zamri, Mohd Shareduwan Mohd Kasihmuddin, Mohd. Asyraf Mansor, Alyaa Alway, Syed Anayet Karim
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: MDPI AG 2021-07-01
• Series: Processes
• Subjects: Hopfield Neural Network; random 3 satisfiability; election algorithm; potential supervised learning
• Online Access: https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/9/8/1292

One of the influential models in the artificial neural network (ANN) research field for addressing the issue of knowledge in the non-systematic logical rule is Random <i>k</i> Satisfiability. In this context, knowledge structure representation is also the potential application of Random <i>k</i> Satisfiability. Despite many attempts to represent logical rules in a non-systematic structure, previous studies have failed to consider higher-order logical rules. As the amount of information in the logical rule increases, the proposed network is unable to proceed to the retrieval phase, where the behavior of the Random Satisfiability can be observed. This study approaches these issues by proposing higher-order Random <i>k</i> Satisfiability for <i>k</i> ≤ 3 in the Hopfield Neural Network (HNN). In this regard, introducing the 3 Satisfiability logical rule to the existing network increases the synaptic weight dimensions in Lyapunov’s energy function and local field. In this study, we proposed an Election Algorithm (EA) to optimize the learning phase of HNN to compensate for the high computational complexity during the learning phase. This research extensively evaluates the proposed model using various performance metrics. The main findings of this research indicated the compatibility and performance of Random 3 Satisfiability logical representation during the learning and retrieval phase via EA with HNN in terms of error evaluations, energy analysis, similarity indices, and variability measures. The results also emphasized that the proposed Random 3 Satisfiability representation incorporates with EA in HNN is capable to optimize the learning and retrieval phase as compared to the conventional model, which deployed Exhaustive Search (ES).