Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone—Synergistic or Antagonistic Agri-Food Chain Co-Contaminants?
Deoxynivalenol (DON) and Zearalenone (ZEN) are two commonly co-occurring mycotoxins produced by members of the genus <i>Fusarium</i>. As important food chain contaminants, these can adversely affect both human and animal health. Critically, as they are formed prior to harvesting, their o...
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doaj-7947aac201db46daba266b99c82e651e2021-08-26T14:25:03ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512021-08-011356156110.3390/toxins13080561Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone—Synergistic or Antagonistic Agri-Food Chain Co-Contaminants?Asmita Thapa0Karina A. Horgan1Blánaid White2Dermot Walls3School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, IrelandAlltech Biotechnology Centre, Co. Meath, IrelandSchool of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, DCU Water Institute, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, IrelandSchool of Biotechnology, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, IrelandDeoxynivalenol (DON) and Zearalenone (ZEN) are two commonly co-occurring mycotoxins produced by members of the genus <i>Fusarium</i>. As important food chain contaminants, these can adversely affect both human and animal health. Critically, as they are formed prior to harvesting, their occurrence cannot be eliminated during food production, leading to ongoing contamination challenges. DON is one of the most commonly occurring mycotoxins and is found as a contaminant of cereal grains that are consumed by humans and animals. Consumption of DON-contaminated feed can result in vomiting, diarrhoea, refusal of feed, and reduced weight gain in animals. ZEN is an oestrogenic mycotoxin that has been shown to have a negative effect on the reproductive function of animals. Individually, their mode of action and impacts have been well-studied; however, their co-occurrence is less well understood. This common co-occurrence of DON and ZEN makes it a critical issue for the Agri-Food industry, with a fundamental understanding required to develop mitigation strategies. To address this issue, in this targeted review, we appraise what is known of the mechanisms of action of DON and ZEN with particular attention to studies that have assessed their toxic effects when present together. We demonstrate that parameters that impact toxicity include species and cell type, relative concentration, exposure time and administration methods, and we highlight additional research required to further elucidate mechanisms of action and mitigation strategies.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/13/8/561DeoxynivalenolZearalenonesynergisticantagonistictoxicityco-occurrence |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Asmita Thapa Karina A. Horgan Blánaid White Dermot Walls |
spellingShingle |
Asmita Thapa Karina A. Horgan Blánaid White Dermot Walls Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone—Synergistic or Antagonistic Agri-Food Chain Co-Contaminants? Toxins Deoxynivalenol Zearalenone synergistic antagonistic toxicity co-occurrence |
author_facet |
Asmita Thapa Karina A. Horgan Blánaid White Dermot Walls |
author_sort |
Asmita Thapa |
title |
Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone—Synergistic or Antagonistic Agri-Food Chain Co-Contaminants? |
title_short |
Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone—Synergistic or Antagonistic Agri-Food Chain Co-Contaminants? |
title_full |
Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone—Synergistic or Antagonistic Agri-Food Chain Co-Contaminants? |
title_fullStr |
Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone—Synergistic or Antagonistic Agri-Food Chain Co-Contaminants? |
title_full_unstemmed |
Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone—Synergistic or Antagonistic Agri-Food Chain Co-Contaminants? |
title_sort |
deoxynivalenol and zearalenone—synergistic or antagonistic agri-food chain co-contaminants? |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Toxins |
issn |
2072-6651 |
publishDate |
2021-08-01 |
description |
Deoxynivalenol (DON) and Zearalenone (ZEN) are two commonly co-occurring mycotoxins produced by members of the genus <i>Fusarium</i>. As important food chain contaminants, these can adversely affect both human and animal health. Critically, as they are formed prior to harvesting, their occurrence cannot be eliminated during food production, leading to ongoing contamination challenges. DON is one of the most commonly occurring mycotoxins and is found as a contaminant of cereal grains that are consumed by humans and animals. Consumption of DON-contaminated feed can result in vomiting, diarrhoea, refusal of feed, and reduced weight gain in animals. ZEN is an oestrogenic mycotoxin that has been shown to have a negative effect on the reproductive function of animals. Individually, their mode of action and impacts have been well-studied; however, their co-occurrence is less well understood. This common co-occurrence of DON and ZEN makes it a critical issue for the Agri-Food industry, with a fundamental understanding required to develop mitigation strategies. To address this issue, in this targeted review, we appraise what is known of the mechanisms of action of DON and ZEN with particular attention to studies that have assessed their toxic effects when present together. We demonstrate that parameters that impact toxicity include species and cell type, relative concentration, exposure time and administration methods, and we highlight additional research required to further elucidate mechanisms of action and mitigation strategies. |
topic |
Deoxynivalenol Zearalenone synergistic antagonistic toxicity co-occurrence |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/13/8/561 |
work_keys_str_mv |
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