Integrating Transcriptomic and GC-MS Metabolomic Analysis to Characterize Color and Aroma Formation during Tepal Development in <i>Lycoris longituba</i>
<i>Lycoris longituba</i>, belonging to the Amaryllidaceae family, is a perennial bulb bearing flowers with diverse colors and fragrance. Selection of cultivars with excellent colored and scented flowers has always been the breeding aim for ornamental plants. However, the molecular mechan...
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doaj-797c733facfd4d9e9aa32cadf5d5d0f12020-11-24T23:56:42ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472019-02-01835310.3390/plants8030053plants8030053Integrating Transcriptomic and GC-MS Metabolomic Analysis to Characterize Color and Aroma Formation during Tepal Development in <i>Lycoris longituba</i>Yuanzheng Yue0Jiawei Liu1Tingting Shi2Min Chen3Ya Li4Juhua Du5Haiyan Jiang6Xiulian Yang7Huirong Hu8Lianggui Wang9Key Laboratory of Landscape Architecture, Jiangsu Province, College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, ChinaKey Laboratory of Landscape Architecture, Jiangsu Province, College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, ChinaKey Laboratory of Landscape Architecture, Jiangsu Province, College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, ChinaKey Laboratory of Landscape Architecture, Jiangsu Province, College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, ChinaKey Laboratory of Landscape Architecture, Jiangsu Province, College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, ChinaKey Laboratory of Landscape Architecture, Jiangsu Province, College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, ChinaKey Laboratory of Landscape Architecture, Jiangsu Province, College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, ChinaKey Laboratory of Landscape Architecture, Jiangsu Province, College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, ChinaKey Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, ChinaKey Laboratory of Landscape Architecture, Jiangsu Province, College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China<i>Lycoris longituba</i>, belonging to the Amaryllidaceae family, is a perennial bulb bearing flowers with diverse colors and fragrance. Selection of cultivars with excellent colored and scented flowers has always been the breeding aim for ornamental plants. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying color fading and aroma production during flower expansion in <i>L. longituba</i> remain unclear. Therefore, to systematically investigate these important biological phenomena, the tepals of <i>L. longituba</i> from different developmental stages were used to screen and analyze the metabolic components and relevant genes. Utilizing the Illumina platform, a total of 144,922 unigenes were obtained from the RNA-Seq libraries. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis indicated that the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways might play important roles during color and aroma changes. Metabolomic analysis identified 29 volatile organic components (VOCs) from different developmental stages of <i>L. longituba</i> tepals, and orthogonal partial least-squares discriminate analysis (OPLS-DA) revealed that <i>trans</i>-β-ocimene—a terpene—was the most important aroma compound. Meanwhile, we found the content of anthocyanin was significantly reduced during the tepal color fading process. Then, we identified two <i>dihydroflavonol-4-reductase</i> (<i>DFR</i>) and three <i>terpene synthase</i> (<i>TPS</i>) genes, for which expression changes coincided with the production patterns of anthocyanins and <i>trans</i>-β-ocimene, respectively. Furthermore, a number of MYB and bHLH transcription factors (TFs) which might be involved in color- and aroma-formation were also identified in <i>L. longituba</i> tepal transcriptomes. Taken together, this is the first comprehensive report of the color and fragrance in tepals of <i>L. longituba</i> and these results could be helpful in understanding these characteristics and their regulation networks.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/8/3/53<i>Lycoris longituba</i>tepalscolor fadingaroma formationvolatile organic compounds |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Yuanzheng Yue Jiawei Liu Tingting Shi Min Chen Ya Li Juhua Du Haiyan Jiang Xiulian Yang Huirong Hu Lianggui Wang |
spellingShingle |
Yuanzheng Yue Jiawei Liu Tingting Shi Min Chen Ya Li Juhua Du Haiyan Jiang Xiulian Yang Huirong Hu Lianggui Wang Integrating Transcriptomic and GC-MS Metabolomic Analysis to Characterize Color and Aroma Formation during Tepal Development in <i>Lycoris longituba</i> Plants <i>Lycoris longituba</i> tepals color fading aroma formation volatile organic compounds |
author_facet |
Yuanzheng Yue Jiawei Liu Tingting Shi Min Chen Ya Li Juhua Du Haiyan Jiang Xiulian Yang Huirong Hu Lianggui Wang |
author_sort |
Yuanzheng Yue |
title |
Integrating Transcriptomic and GC-MS Metabolomic Analysis to Characterize Color and Aroma Formation during Tepal Development in <i>Lycoris longituba</i> |
title_short |
Integrating Transcriptomic and GC-MS Metabolomic Analysis to Characterize Color and Aroma Formation during Tepal Development in <i>Lycoris longituba</i> |
title_full |
Integrating Transcriptomic and GC-MS Metabolomic Analysis to Characterize Color and Aroma Formation during Tepal Development in <i>Lycoris longituba</i> |
title_fullStr |
Integrating Transcriptomic and GC-MS Metabolomic Analysis to Characterize Color and Aroma Formation during Tepal Development in <i>Lycoris longituba</i> |
title_full_unstemmed |
Integrating Transcriptomic and GC-MS Metabolomic Analysis to Characterize Color and Aroma Formation during Tepal Development in <i>Lycoris longituba</i> |
title_sort |
integrating transcriptomic and gc-ms metabolomic analysis to characterize color and aroma formation during tepal development in <i>lycoris longituba</i> |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Plants |
issn |
2223-7747 |
publishDate |
2019-02-01 |
description |
<i>Lycoris longituba</i>, belonging to the Amaryllidaceae family, is a perennial bulb bearing flowers with diverse colors and fragrance. Selection of cultivars with excellent colored and scented flowers has always been the breeding aim for ornamental plants. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying color fading and aroma production during flower expansion in <i>L. longituba</i> remain unclear. Therefore, to systematically investigate these important biological phenomena, the tepals of <i>L. longituba</i> from different developmental stages were used to screen and analyze the metabolic components and relevant genes. Utilizing the Illumina platform, a total of 144,922 unigenes were obtained from the RNA-Seq libraries. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis indicated that the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways might play important roles during color and aroma changes. Metabolomic analysis identified 29 volatile organic components (VOCs) from different developmental stages of <i>L. longituba</i> tepals, and orthogonal partial least-squares discriminate analysis (OPLS-DA) revealed that <i>trans</i>-β-ocimene—a terpene—was the most important aroma compound. Meanwhile, we found the content of anthocyanin was significantly reduced during the tepal color fading process. Then, we identified two <i>dihydroflavonol-4-reductase</i> (<i>DFR</i>) and three <i>terpene synthase</i> (<i>TPS</i>) genes, for which expression changes coincided with the production patterns of anthocyanins and <i>trans</i>-β-ocimene, respectively. Furthermore, a number of MYB and bHLH transcription factors (TFs) which might be involved in color- and aroma-formation were also identified in <i>L. longituba</i> tepal transcriptomes. Taken together, this is the first comprehensive report of the color and fragrance in tepals of <i>L. longituba</i> and these results could be helpful in understanding these characteristics and their regulation networks. |
topic |
<i>Lycoris longituba</i> tepals color fading aroma formation volatile organic compounds |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/8/3/53 |
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