Exposure to Drinking Water Trihalomethanes and Their Association with Low Birth Weight and Small for Gestational Age in Genetically Susceptible Women

Little is known about genetic susceptibility to individual trihalomethanes (THM) in relation to adverse pregnancy outcomes. We conducted a nested case-control study of 682 pregnant women in Kaunas (Lithuania) and, using individual information on drinking water, ingestion, showering and bathing, and...

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Main Authors: Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen, Algimantas Paulauskas, Jone Vencloviene, Regina Grazuleviciene, Asta Danileviciute
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2012-12-01
Series:International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Subjects:
LBW
SGA
Online Access:http://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/9/12/4470
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spelling doaj-7980bbfb9893460ba756e54c33c4d19b2020-11-24T22:58:56ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health1660-46012012-12-019124470448510.3390/ijerph9124470Exposure to Drinking Water Trihalomethanes and Their Association with Low Birth Weight and Small for Gestational Age in Genetically Susceptible WomenMark J. NieuwenhuijsenAlgimantas PaulauskasJone VenclovieneRegina GrazulevicieneAsta DanileviciuteLittle is known about genetic susceptibility to individual trihalomethanes (THM) in relation to adverse pregnancy outcomes. We conducted a nested case-control study of 682 pregnant women in Kaunas (Lithuania) and, using individual information on drinking water, ingestion, showering and bathing, and uptake factors of THMs in blood, estimated an internal THM dose. We used logistic regression to evaluate the relationship between internal THM dose, birth outcomes and individual and joint (modifying) effects of metabolic gene polymorphisms. THM exposure during entire pregnancy and specific trimesters slightly increased low birth weight (LBW) risk. When considering both THM exposure and maternal genotypes, the largest associations were found for third trimester among total THM (TTHM) and chloroform-exposed women with the GSTM1–0 genotype (OR: 4.37; 95% CI: 1.36–14.08 and OR: 5.06; 95% CI: 1.50–17.05, respectively). A test of interaction between internal THM dose and GSTM1–0 genotype suggested a modifying effect of exposure to chloroform and bromodichloromethane on LBW risk. However, the effect on small for gestational age (SGA) was not statistically significant. These data suggest that THM internal dose may affect foetal growth and that maternal GSTM1 genotype modifies the THM exposure effects on LBW.http://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/9/12/4470trihalomethanesLBWSGAGSTT1GSTM1
collection DOAJ
language English
format Article
sources DOAJ
author Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen
Algimantas Paulauskas
Jone Vencloviene
Regina Grazuleviciene
Asta Danileviciute
spellingShingle Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen
Algimantas Paulauskas
Jone Vencloviene
Regina Grazuleviciene
Asta Danileviciute
Exposure to Drinking Water Trihalomethanes and Their Association with Low Birth Weight and Small for Gestational Age in Genetically Susceptible Women
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
trihalomethanes
LBW
SGA
GSTT1
GSTM1
author_facet Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen
Algimantas Paulauskas
Jone Vencloviene
Regina Grazuleviciene
Asta Danileviciute
author_sort Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen
title Exposure to Drinking Water Trihalomethanes and Their Association with Low Birth Weight and Small for Gestational Age in Genetically Susceptible Women
title_short Exposure to Drinking Water Trihalomethanes and Their Association with Low Birth Weight and Small for Gestational Age in Genetically Susceptible Women
title_full Exposure to Drinking Water Trihalomethanes and Their Association with Low Birth Weight and Small for Gestational Age in Genetically Susceptible Women
title_fullStr Exposure to Drinking Water Trihalomethanes and Their Association with Low Birth Weight and Small for Gestational Age in Genetically Susceptible Women
title_full_unstemmed Exposure to Drinking Water Trihalomethanes and Their Association with Low Birth Weight and Small for Gestational Age in Genetically Susceptible Women
title_sort exposure to drinking water trihalomethanes and their association with low birth weight and small for gestational age in genetically susceptible women
publisher MDPI AG
series International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
issn 1660-4601
publishDate 2012-12-01
description Little is known about genetic susceptibility to individual trihalomethanes (THM) in relation to adverse pregnancy outcomes. We conducted a nested case-control study of 682 pregnant women in Kaunas (Lithuania) and, using individual information on drinking water, ingestion, showering and bathing, and uptake factors of THMs in blood, estimated an internal THM dose. We used logistic regression to evaluate the relationship between internal THM dose, birth outcomes and individual and joint (modifying) effects of metabolic gene polymorphisms. THM exposure during entire pregnancy and specific trimesters slightly increased low birth weight (LBW) risk. When considering both THM exposure and maternal genotypes, the largest associations were found for third trimester among total THM (TTHM) and chloroform-exposed women with the GSTM1–0 genotype (OR: 4.37; 95% CI: 1.36–14.08 and OR: 5.06; 95% CI: 1.50–17.05, respectively). A test of interaction between internal THM dose and GSTM1–0 genotype suggested a modifying effect of exposure to chloroform and bromodichloromethane on LBW risk. However, the effect on small for gestational age (SGA) was not statistically significant. These data suggest that THM internal dose may affect foetal growth and that maternal GSTM1 genotype modifies the THM exposure effects on LBW.
topic trihalomethanes
LBW
SGA
GSTT1
GSTM1
url http://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/9/12/4470
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