Flavonoids as a Natural Treatment Against Entamoeba histolytica
Over the past 20 years, gastrointestinal infections in developing countries have been a serious health problem and are the second leading cause of morbidity among all age groups. Among pathogenic protozoans that cause diarrheal disease, the parasite Entamoeba histolytica produces amebic colitis as w...
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doaj-7ab761cdf3a04988a71fc55d6f9222bf2020-11-25T00:55:16ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology2235-29882018-06-01810.3389/fcimb.2018.00209371623Flavonoids as a Natural Treatment Against Entamoeba histolyticaMoisés Martínez-Castillo0Judith Pacheco-Yepez1Nadia Flores-Huerta2Paula Guzmán-Téllez3Rosa A. Jarillo-Luna4Luz M. Cárdenas-Jaramillo5Rafael Campos-Rodríguez6Mineko Shibayama7Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, MexicoSección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Ciudad de México, MexicoDepartamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, MexicoDepartamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, MexicoSección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Ciudad de México, MexicoCoordinación de Morfología, Departamento de Formación Básica Disciplinaria, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Ciudad de México, MexicoSección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Ciudad de México, MexicoDepartamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, MexicoOver the past 20 years, gastrointestinal infections in developing countries have been a serious health problem and are the second leading cause of morbidity among all age groups. Among pathogenic protozoans that cause diarrheal disease, the parasite Entamoeba histolytica produces amebic colitis as well as the most frequent extra-intestinal lesion, an amebic liver abscess (ALA). Usually, intestinal amebiasis and ALA are treated with synthetic chemical compounds (iodoquinol, paromomycin, diloxanide furoate, and nitroimidazoles). Metronidazole is the most common treatment for amebiasis. Although the efficacy of nitroimidazoles in killing amebas is known, the potential resistance of E. histolytica to this treatment is a concern. In addition, controversial studies have reported that metronidazole could induce mutagenic effects and cerebral toxicity. Therefore, natural and safe alternative drugs against this parasite are needed. Flavonoids are natural polyphenolic compounds. Flavonoids depend on malonyl-CoA and phenylalanine to be synthesized. Several flavonoids have anti-oxidant and anti-microbial properties. Since the 1990s, several works have focused on the identification and purification of different flavonoids with amebicidal effects, such as, -(-)epicatechin, kaempferol, and quercetin. In this review, we investigated the effects of flavonoids that have potential amebicidal activity and that can be used as complementary and/or specific therapeutic strategies against E. histolytica trophozoites. Interestingly, it was found that these natural compounds can induce morphological changes in the amebas, such as chromatin condensation and cytoskeletal protein re-organization, as well as the upregulation and downregulation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase, glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase, and pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (enzymes of the glycolytic pathway). Although the specific molecular targets, bioavailability, route of administration, and doses of some of these natural compounds need to be determined, flavonoids represent a very promising and innocuous strategy that should be considered for use against E. histolytica in the era of microbial drug resistance.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fcimb.2018.00209/fullEntamoeba histolyticaflavonoidsalternative treatmentanti-oxidantsanti-inflammatory responsemetronidazole |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Moisés Martínez-Castillo Judith Pacheco-Yepez Nadia Flores-Huerta Paula Guzmán-Téllez Rosa A. Jarillo-Luna Luz M. Cárdenas-Jaramillo Rafael Campos-Rodríguez Mineko Shibayama |
spellingShingle |
Moisés Martínez-Castillo Judith Pacheco-Yepez Nadia Flores-Huerta Paula Guzmán-Téllez Rosa A. Jarillo-Luna Luz M. Cárdenas-Jaramillo Rafael Campos-Rodríguez Mineko Shibayama Flavonoids as a Natural Treatment Against Entamoeba histolytica Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology Entamoeba histolytica flavonoids alternative treatment anti-oxidants anti-inflammatory response metronidazole |
author_facet |
Moisés Martínez-Castillo Judith Pacheco-Yepez Nadia Flores-Huerta Paula Guzmán-Téllez Rosa A. Jarillo-Luna Luz M. Cárdenas-Jaramillo Rafael Campos-Rodríguez Mineko Shibayama |
author_sort |
Moisés Martínez-Castillo |
title |
Flavonoids as a Natural Treatment Against Entamoeba histolytica |
title_short |
Flavonoids as a Natural Treatment Against Entamoeba histolytica |
title_full |
Flavonoids as a Natural Treatment Against Entamoeba histolytica |
title_fullStr |
Flavonoids as a Natural Treatment Against Entamoeba histolytica |
title_full_unstemmed |
Flavonoids as a Natural Treatment Against Entamoeba histolytica |
title_sort |
flavonoids as a natural treatment against entamoeba histolytica |
publisher |
Frontiers Media S.A. |
series |
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology |
issn |
2235-2988 |
publishDate |
2018-06-01 |
description |
Over the past 20 years, gastrointestinal infections in developing countries have been a serious health problem and are the second leading cause of morbidity among all age groups. Among pathogenic protozoans that cause diarrheal disease, the parasite Entamoeba histolytica produces amebic colitis as well as the most frequent extra-intestinal lesion, an amebic liver abscess (ALA). Usually, intestinal amebiasis and ALA are treated with synthetic chemical compounds (iodoquinol, paromomycin, diloxanide furoate, and nitroimidazoles). Metronidazole is the most common treatment for amebiasis. Although the efficacy of nitroimidazoles in killing amebas is known, the potential resistance of E. histolytica to this treatment is a concern. In addition, controversial studies have reported that metronidazole could induce mutagenic effects and cerebral toxicity. Therefore, natural and safe alternative drugs against this parasite are needed. Flavonoids are natural polyphenolic compounds. Flavonoids depend on malonyl-CoA and phenylalanine to be synthesized. Several flavonoids have anti-oxidant and anti-microbial properties. Since the 1990s, several works have focused on the identification and purification of different flavonoids with amebicidal effects, such as, -(-)epicatechin, kaempferol, and quercetin. In this review, we investigated the effects of flavonoids that have potential amebicidal activity and that can be used as complementary and/or specific therapeutic strategies against E. histolytica trophozoites. Interestingly, it was found that these natural compounds can induce morphological changes in the amebas, such as chromatin condensation and cytoskeletal protein re-organization, as well as the upregulation and downregulation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase, glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase, and pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (enzymes of the glycolytic pathway). Although the specific molecular targets, bioavailability, route of administration, and doses of some of these natural compounds need to be determined, flavonoids represent a very promising and innocuous strategy that should be considered for use against E. histolytica in the era of microbial drug resistance. |
topic |
Entamoeba histolytica flavonoids alternative treatment anti-oxidants anti-inflammatory response metronidazole |
url |
https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fcimb.2018.00209/full |
work_keys_str_mv |
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