Differences in Codon Usage Bias between Photosynthesis-Related Genes and Genetic System-Related Genes of Chloroplast Genomes in Cultivated and Wild Solanum Species
Solanum is one of the largest genera, including two important crops—potato (Solanum tuberosum) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). In this study we compared the chloroplast codon usage bias (CUB) among 12 Solanum species, between photosynthesis-related genes (Photo-genes) and genetic system-related g...
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doaj-7c47abdd396640819a5aa51e6cfe21782020-11-25T01:27:06ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1422-00672018-10-011910314210.3390/ijms19103142ijms19103142Differences in Codon Usage Bias between Photosynthesis-Related Genes and Genetic System-Related Genes of Chloroplast Genomes in Cultivated and Wild Solanum SpeciesRuizhi Zhang0Li Zhang1Wei Wang2Zhu Zhang3Huihui Du4Zheng Qu5Xiu-Qing Li6Heng Xiang7College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, ChinaDepartment of Math and Information, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, ChinaCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, ChinaCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, ChinaCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, ChinaCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, ChinaFredericton Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 850 Lincoln Road, Fredericton, NB E3B 4Z7, CanadaCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, ChinaSolanum is one of the largest genera, including two important crops—potato (Solanum tuberosum) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). In this study we compared the chloroplast codon usage bias (CUB) among 12 Solanum species, between photosynthesis-related genes (Photo-genes) and genetic system-related genes (Genet-genes), and between cultivated species and wild relatives. The Photo-genes encode proteins for photosystems, the photosynthetic electron transport chain, and RuBisCO, while the Genet-genes encode proteins for ribosomal subunits, RNA polymerases, and maturases. The following findings about the Solanum chloroplast genome CUB were obtained: (1) the nucleotide composition, gene expression, and selective pressure are identified as the main factors affecting chloroplast CUB; (2) all these 12 chloroplast genomes prefer A/U over G/C and pyrimidines over purines at the third-base of codons; (3) Photo-genes have higher codon adaptation indexes than Genet-genes, indicative of a higher gene expression level and a stronger adaptation of Photo-genes; (4) gene function is the primary factor affecting CUB of Photo-genes but not Genet-genes; (5) Photo-genes prefer pyrimidine over purine, whereas Genet-genes favor purine over pyrimidine, at the third position of codons; (6) Photo-genes are mainly affected by the selective pressure, whereas Genet-genes are under the underlying mutational bias; (7) S. tuberosum is more similar with Solanum commersonii than with Solanum bulbocastanum; (8) S. lycopersicum is greatly different from the analyzed seven wild relatives; (9) the CUB in codons for valine, aspartic acid, and threonine are the same between the two crop species, S. tuberosum and S. lycopersicum. These findings suggest that the chloroplast CUB contributed to the differential requirement of gene expression activity and function between Photo-genes and Genet-genes and to the performance of cultivated potato and tomato.http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/19/10/3142Solanumcodon usage biasselective pressurephotosynthesis genesgenetic system genes |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Ruizhi Zhang Li Zhang Wei Wang Zhu Zhang Huihui Du Zheng Qu Xiu-Qing Li Heng Xiang |
spellingShingle |
Ruizhi Zhang Li Zhang Wei Wang Zhu Zhang Huihui Du Zheng Qu Xiu-Qing Li Heng Xiang Differences in Codon Usage Bias between Photosynthesis-Related Genes and Genetic System-Related Genes of Chloroplast Genomes in Cultivated and Wild Solanum Species International Journal of Molecular Sciences Solanum codon usage bias selective pressure photosynthesis genes genetic system genes |
author_facet |
Ruizhi Zhang Li Zhang Wei Wang Zhu Zhang Huihui Du Zheng Qu Xiu-Qing Li Heng Xiang |
author_sort |
Ruizhi Zhang |
title |
Differences in Codon Usage Bias between Photosynthesis-Related Genes and Genetic System-Related Genes of Chloroplast Genomes in Cultivated and Wild Solanum Species |
title_short |
Differences in Codon Usage Bias between Photosynthesis-Related Genes and Genetic System-Related Genes of Chloroplast Genomes in Cultivated and Wild Solanum Species |
title_full |
Differences in Codon Usage Bias between Photosynthesis-Related Genes and Genetic System-Related Genes of Chloroplast Genomes in Cultivated and Wild Solanum Species |
title_fullStr |
Differences in Codon Usage Bias between Photosynthesis-Related Genes and Genetic System-Related Genes of Chloroplast Genomes in Cultivated and Wild Solanum Species |
title_full_unstemmed |
Differences in Codon Usage Bias between Photosynthesis-Related Genes and Genetic System-Related Genes of Chloroplast Genomes in Cultivated and Wild Solanum Species |
title_sort |
differences in codon usage bias between photosynthesis-related genes and genetic system-related genes of chloroplast genomes in cultivated and wild solanum species |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
issn |
1422-0067 |
publishDate |
2018-10-01 |
description |
Solanum is one of the largest genera, including two important crops—potato (Solanum tuberosum) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). In this study we compared the chloroplast codon usage bias (CUB) among 12 Solanum species, between photosynthesis-related genes (Photo-genes) and genetic system-related genes (Genet-genes), and between cultivated species and wild relatives. The Photo-genes encode proteins for photosystems, the photosynthetic electron transport chain, and RuBisCO, while the Genet-genes encode proteins for ribosomal subunits, RNA polymerases, and maturases. The following findings about the Solanum chloroplast genome CUB were obtained: (1) the nucleotide composition, gene expression, and selective pressure are identified as the main factors affecting chloroplast CUB; (2) all these 12 chloroplast genomes prefer A/U over G/C and pyrimidines over purines at the third-base of codons; (3) Photo-genes have higher codon adaptation indexes than Genet-genes, indicative of a higher gene expression level and a stronger adaptation of Photo-genes; (4) gene function is the primary factor affecting CUB of Photo-genes but not Genet-genes; (5) Photo-genes prefer pyrimidine over purine, whereas Genet-genes favor purine over pyrimidine, at the third position of codons; (6) Photo-genes are mainly affected by the selective pressure, whereas Genet-genes are under the underlying mutational bias; (7) S. tuberosum is more similar with Solanum commersonii than with Solanum bulbocastanum; (8) S. lycopersicum is greatly different from the analyzed seven wild relatives; (9) the CUB in codons for valine, aspartic acid, and threonine are the same between the two crop species, S. tuberosum and S. lycopersicum. These findings suggest that the chloroplast CUB contributed to the differential requirement of gene expression activity and function between Photo-genes and Genet-genes and to the performance of cultivated potato and tomato. |
topic |
Solanum codon usage bias selective pressure photosynthesis genes genetic system genes |
url |
http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/19/10/3142 |
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