Stimuli Characteristics and Psychophysical Requirements for Visual Training in Amblyopia: A Narrative Review
Active vision therapy using perceptual learning and/or dichoptic or binocular environments has shown its potential effectiveness in amblyopia, but some doubts remain about the type of stimuli and the mode and sequence of presentation that should be used. A search was performed in PubMed, obtaining 1...
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doaj-7d5f7439d18c49cb997f897a3356c4302020-12-10T00:01:33ZengMDPI AGJournal of Clinical Medicine2077-03832020-12-0193985398510.3390/jcm9123985Stimuli Characteristics and Psychophysical Requirements for Visual Training in Amblyopia: A Narrative ReviewCarlos J. Hernández-Rodríguez0David P. Piñero1Ainhoa Molina-Martín2León Morales-Quezada3Dolores de Fez4Luis Leal-Vega5Juan F. Arenillas6María Begoña Coco-Martín7Group of Optics and Visual Perception, Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, 03016 Alicante, SpainGroup of Optics and Visual Perception, Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, 03016 Alicante, SpainGroup of Optics and Visual Perception, Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, 03016 Alicante, SpainDepartment of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USAGroup of Optics and Visual Perception, Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, 03016 Alicante, SpainGroup of Applied Clinical Neurosciences and Advanced Data Analysis, Neurology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, SpainGroup of Applied Clinical Neurosciences and Advanced Data Analysis, Neurology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, SpainGroup of Applied Clinical Neurosciences and Advanced Data Analysis, Neurology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, SpainActive vision therapy using perceptual learning and/or dichoptic or binocular environments has shown its potential effectiveness in amblyopia, but some doubts remain about the type of stimuli and the mode and sequence of presentation that should be used. A search was performed in PubMed, obtaining 143 articles with information related to the stimuli used in amblyopia rehabilitation, as well as to the neural mechanisms implied in such therapeutic process. Visual deficits in amblyopia and their neural mechanisms associated are revised, including visual acuity loss, contrast sensitivity reduction and stereopsis impairment. Likewise, the most appropriate stimuli according to the literature that should be used for an efficient rehabilitation of the amblyopic eye are described in detail, including optotypes, Gabor’s patches, random-dot stimuli and Vernier’s stimuli. Finally, the properties of these stimuli that can be modified during the visual training are discussed, as well as the psychophysical method of their presentation and the type of environment used (perceptual learning, dichoptic stimulation or virtual reality). Vision therapy using all these revised concepts can be an effective option for treating amblyopia or accelerating the treatment period when combining with patching. It is essential to adapt the stimuli to the patient’s individual features in both monocular and binocular training.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/12/3985amblyopiavision therapyvisual acuitycontrast sensitivityperceptual learningdichoptic training |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Carlos J. Hernández-Rodríguez David P. Piñero Ainhoa Molina-Martín León Morales-Quezada Dolores de Fez Luis Leal-Vega Juan F. Arenillas María Begoña Coco-Martín |
spellingShingle |
Carlos J. Hernández-Rodríguez David P. Piñero Ainhoa Molina-Martín León Morales-Quezada Dolores de Fez Luis Leal-Vega Juan F. Arenillas María Begoña Coco-Martín Stimuli Characteristics and Psychophysical Requirements for Visual Training in Amblyopia: A Narrative Review Journal of Clinical Medicine amblyopia vision therapy visual acuity contrast sensitivity perceptual learning dichoptic training |
author_facet |
Carlos J. Hernández-Rodríguez David P. Piñero Ainhoa Molina-Martín León Morales-Quezada Dolores de Fez Luis Leal-Vega Juan F. Arenillas María Begoña Coco-Martín |
author_sort |
Carlos J. Hernández-Rodríguez |
title |
Stimuli Characteristics and Psychophysical Requirements for Visual Training in Amblyopia: A Narrative Review |
title_short |
Stimuli Characteristics and Psychophysical Requirements for Visual Training in Amblyopia: A Narrative Review |
title_full |
Stimuli Characteristics and Psychophysical Requirements for Visual Training in Amblyopia: A Narrative Review |
title_fullStr |
Stimuli Characteristics and Psychophysical Requirements for Visual Training in Amblyopia: A Narrative Review |
title_full_unstemmed |
Stimuli Characteristics and Psychophysical Requirements for Visual Training in Amblyopia: A Narrative Review |
title_sort |
stimuli characteristics and psychophysical requirements for visual training in amblyopia: a narrative review |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Journal of Clinical Medicine |
issn |
2077-0383 |
publishDate |
2020-12-01 |
description |
Active vision therapy using perceptual learning and/or dichoptic or binocular environments has shown its potential effectiveness in amblyopia, but some doubts remain about the type of stimuli and the mode and sequence of presentation that should be used. A search was performed in PubMed, obtaining 143 articles with information related to the stimuli used in amblyopia rehabilitation, as well as to the neural mechanisms implied in such therapeutic process. Visual deficits in amblyopia and their neural mechanisms associated are revised, including visual acuity loss, contrast sensitivity reduction and stereopsis impairment. Likewise, the most appropriate stimuli according to the literature that should be used for an efficient rehabilitation of the amblyopic eye are described in detail, including optotypes, Gabor’s patches, random-dot stimuli and Vernier’s stimuli. Finally, the properties of these stimuli that can be modified during the visual training are discussed, as well as the psychophysical method of their presentation and the type of environment used (perceptual learning, dichoptic stimulation or virtual reality). Vision therapy using all these revised concepts can be an effective option for treating amblyopia or accelerating the treatment period when combining with patching. It is essential to adapt the stimuli to the patient’s individual features in both monocular and binocular training. |
topic |
amblyopia vision therapy visual acuity contrast sensitivity perceptual learning dichoptic training |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/12/3985 |
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