Frequency and factors associated of potential zoonotic pathogens (Borrelia spp., Rickettsia spp., Leishmania spp., and Anaplasma phagocytophilum) in equids in the state of Bahia, Brazil
Abstract Background Currently, various zoonotic diseases are classified as emerging or reemerging. Because equids have a direct relationship with various vectors, they are possibly more frequently exposed to zoonotic agents than are humans. The undeniable importance of diseases such as human granulo...
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doaj-7edf64c906024e66b402c866cfe455802021-05-23T11:11:29ZengBMCParasites & Vectors1756-33052021-05-0114111010.1186/s13071-021-04777-4Frequency and factors associated of potential zoonotic pathogens (Borrelia spp., Rickettsia spp., Leishmania spp., and Anaplasma phagocytophilum) in equids in the state of Bahia, BrazilSonia Carmen Lopo Costa0Jéssica de Souza Freitas1Fábio Santos Carvalho2Maria Julia Salim Pereira3Matheus Dias Cordeiro4Adivaldo Henrique da Fonseca5Márcia Mariza Gomes Jusi6Rosangela Zacarias Machado7Alexandre Dias Munhoz8Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz – UESCDepartment of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz – UESCDepartment of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz – UESCDepartment of Animal Parasitology, Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro-UFRRJDepartment of Epidemiology and Public Health, Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro-UFRRJDepartment of Epidemiology and Public Health, Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro-UFRRJDepartment of Animal Pathology, Julio Mesquita Filho State University, UNESP/JaboticabalDepartment of Animal Pathology, Julio Mesquita Filho State University, UNESP/JaboticabalDepartment of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz – UESCAbstract Background Currently, various zoonotic diseases are classified as emerging or reemerging. Because equids have a direct relationship with various vectors, they are possibly more frequently exposed to zoonotic agents than are humans. The undeniable importance of diseases such as human granulocytic anaplasmosis, spotted fever, and leishmaniasis for both public and animal health, as well as the possibility of equids acting as sources, reservoirs, or even sentinels for these pathogens, justifies the detection of their frequency and factors associated with infection in equids from northeastern Brazil. Methods Blood samples were collected from 569 equids (528 horses, 33 donkeys, and 8 mules), 516 from a rural area and 53 from an urban area. Pathogen detection was carried out as follows: Borrelia spp. and Rickettsia spp., serological analysis; Leishmania spp., serological analysis and polymerase chain reaction (PCR); Anaplasma phagocytophilum, PCR. Determination of associated factors was carried out through generalized linear models. Results The frequencies of positivity for the pathogens observed in equids were as follows: Borrelia spp., 13.9% (79/569); Leishmania spp., 3.5% (20/569); Rickettsia spp. 33.4% (190/569). Regarding factors associated with infection, male sex was associated with protection against Borrelia spp.; donkeys and mules were associated with protection against Rickettsia spp., while a younger age was a risk factor. The infection of A. phagocytophilum was not detected in the sampled population. Co-infection was detected in 5.1% (29/569) of the animals. Conclusions Most of the studied pathogenic agents are present in the prospected area, indicating a possible risk for both human and animal health. This demonstrates that equids can be considered important sentinels in the assessment of pathogens with zoonotic potential in the region.https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-04777-4ZoonosesLyme diseaseSpotted feverLeishmaniasisHorsesDonkeys |
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DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Sonia Carmen Lopo Costa Jéssica de Souza Freitas Fábio Santos Carvalho Maria Julia Salim Pereira Matheus Dias Cordeiro Adivaldo Henrique da Fonseca Márcia Mariza Gomes Jusi Rosangela Zacarias Machado Alexandre Dias Munhoz |
spellingShingle |
Sonia Carmen Lopo Costa Jéssica de Souza Freitas Fábio Santos Carvalho Maria Julia Salim Pereira Matheus Dias Cordeiro Adivaldo Henrique da Fonseca Márcia Mariza Gomes Jusi Rosangela Zacarias Machado Alexandre Dias Munhoz Frequency and factors associated of potential zoonotic pathogens (Borrelia spp., Rickettsia spp., Leishmania spp., and Anaplasma phagocytophilum) in equids in the state of Bahia, Brazil Parasites & Vectors Zoonoses Lyme disease Spotted fever Leishmaniasis Horses Donkeys |
author_facet |
Sonia Carmen Lopo Costa Jéssica de Souza Freitas Fábio Santos Carvalho Maria Julia Salim Pereira Matheus Dias Cordeiro Adivaldo Henrique da Fonseca Márcia Mariza Gomes Jusi Rosangela Zacarias Machado Alexandre Dias Munhoz |
author_sort |
Sonia Carmen Lopo Costa |
title |
Frequency and factors associated of potential zoonotic pathogens (Borrelia spp., Rickettsia spp., Leishmania spp., and Anaplasma phagocytophilum) in equids in the state of Bahia, Brazil |
title_short |
Frequency and factors associated of potential zoonotic pathogens (Borrelia spp., Rickettsia spp., Leishmania spp., and Anaplasma phagocytophilum) in equids in the state of Bahia, Brazil |
title_full |
Frequency and factors associated of potential zoonotic pathogens (Borrelia spp., Rickettsia spp., Leishmania spp., and Anaplasma phagocytophilum) in equids in the state of Bahia, Brazil |
title_fullStr |
Frequency and factors associated of potential zoonotic pathogens (Borrelia spp., Rickettsia spp., Leishmania spp., and Anaplasma phagocytophilum) in equids in the state of Bahia, Brazil |
title_full_unstemmed |
Frequency and factors associated of potential zoonotic pathogens (Borrelia spp., Rickettsia spp., Leishmania spp., and Anaplasma phagocytophilum) in equids in the state of Bahia, Brazil |
title_sort |
frequency and factors associated of potential zoonotic pathogens (borrelia spp., rickettsia spp., leishmania spp., and anaplasma phagocytophilum) in equids in the state of bahia, brazil |
publisher |
BMC |
series |
Parasites & Vectors |
issn |
1756-3305 |
publishDate |
2021-05-01 |
description |
Abstract Background Currently, various zoonotic diseases are classified as emerging or reemerging. Because equids have a direct relationship with various vectors, they are possibly more frequently exposed to zoonotic agents than are humans. The undeniable importance of diseases such as human granulocytic anaplasmosis, spotted fever, and leishmaniasis for both public and animal health, as well as the possibility of equids acting as sources, reservoirs, or even sentinels for these pathogens, justifies the detection of their frequency and factors associated with infection in equids from northeastern Brazil. Methods Blood samples were collected from 569 equids (528 horses, 33 donkeys, and 8 mules), 516 from a rural area and 53 from an urban area. Pathogen detection was carried out as follows: Borrelia spp. and Rickettsia spp., serological analysis; Leishmania spp., serological analysis and polymerase chain reaction (PCR); Anaplasma phagocytophilum, PCR. Determination of associated factors was carried out through generalized linear models. Results The frequencies of positivity for the pathogens observed in equids were as follows: Borrelia spp., 13.9% (79/569); Leishmania spp., 3.5% (20/569); Rickettsia spp. 33.4% (190/569). Regarding factors associated with infection, male sex was associated with protection against Borrelia spp.; donkeys and mules were associated with protection against Rickettsia spp., while a younger age was a risk factor. The infection of A. phagocytophilum was not detected in the sampled population. Co-infection was detected in 5.1% (29/569) of the animals. Conclusions Most of the studied pathogenic agents are present in the prospected area, indicating a possible risk for both human and animal health. This demonstrates that equids can be considered important sentinels in the assessment of pathogens with zoonotic potential in the region. |
topic |
Zoonoses Lyme disease Spotted fever Leishmaniasis Horses Donkeys |
url |
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-04777-4 |
work_keys_str_mv |
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