Astaxanthin analogs, adonixanthin and lycopene, activate Nrf2 to prevent light-induced photoreceptor degeneration

• Main Authors: Yuki Inoue, Masamitsu Shimazawa, Ryota Nagano, Yoshiki Kuse, Kei Takahashi, Kazuhiro Tsuruma, Masahiro Hayashi, Takashi Ishibashi, Takashi Maoka, Hideaki Hara
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: Elsevier 2017-07-01
• Series: Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
• Subjects: Astaxanthin; Adonixanthin; Lycopene; Nrf2 activation; Photoreceptor
• Online Access: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1347861317300890

Carotenoids, in particular astaxanthin, possess potent antioxidant capabilities. Astaxanthin also induces NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which plays a major regulatory role in the antioxidative response. However, little is known whether the carotenoid, by-products of astaxanthin, activate Nrf2. Toward this end, we screened eight astaxanthin analogs for Nrf2 activation in murine photoreceptor cell line, 661 W, by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). In addition, we monitored cell death in 661 W cells pretreated with astaxanthin analogs or only pretreated for 6 h with astaxanthin analogs and then exposed to light. Furthermore, we quantified the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Cell death was quantified after light exposure by nuclear staining. Nrf2-controlled genes Ho-1, Nqo-1, and Gclm by qRT-PCR and Nrf2 in the nucleus were upregulated in 661 W cells exposed astaxanthin, adonixanthin, echinenone, and lycopene. Moreover, astaxanthin, adonixanthin, echinenone, β-carotene, adonirubin, and lycopene, but not canthaxanthin, suppressed ROS production and protected cells against light-induced damage. Moreover, pretreatment with adonixanthin or lycopene only before light exposure protected against light-induced cell damage and Nrf2 silencing canceled these effects. These findings indicate that the more potent astaxanthin analogs, adonixanthin and lycopene, protect against light-induced cell damage through not only an anti-oxidative response but also through Nrf2 activation.