Saliva is a reliable and accessible source for the detection of SARS-CoV-2
Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of saliva sampling as a non-invasive and safer tool to detect severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and to compare its reproducibility and sensitivity with nasopharyngeal swab samples (NPS). The use of sample...
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Format: | Article |
Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2021-04-01
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Series: | International Journal of Infectious Diseases |
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Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1201971221000953 |
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DOAJ |
author |
Luis A. Herrera Alfredo Hidalgo-Miranda Nancy Reynoso-Noverón Abelardo A. Meneses-García Alfredo Mendoza-Vargas Juan P. Reyes-Grajeda Felipe Vadillo-Ortega Alberto Cedro-Tanda Fernando Peñaloza Emmanuel Frías-Jimenez Cristian Arriaga-Canon Rosaura Ruiz Ofelia Angulo Imelda López-Villaseñor Carlos Amador-Bedolla Diana Vilar-Compte Patricia Cornejo Mireya Cisneros-Villanueva Eduardo Hurtado-Cordova Mariana Cendejas-Orozco José S. Hernández-Morales Bernardo Moreno Irwin A. Hernández-Cruz César A. Herrera Francisco García Miguel A. González-Woge Paulina Munguía-Garza Fernando Luna-Maldonado Antonia Sánchez-Vizcarra Vincent G. Osnaya Nelly Medina-Molotla Yair Alfaro-Mora Rodrigo E. Cáceres-Gutiérrez Laura Tolentino-García Patricia Rosas-Escobar Sergio A. Román-González Marco A. Escobar-Arrazola Julio C. Canseco-Méndez Diana R. Ortiz-Soriano Julieta Domínguez-Ortiz Ana D. González-Barrera Diana I. Aparicio-Bautista Armando Cruz-Rangel Ana Paula Alarcón-Zendejas Laura Contreras-Espinosa Rodrigo González Lissania Guerra-Calderas Marco A. Meraz-Rodríguez Michel Montalvo-Casimiro Rogelio Montiel-Manríquez Karla Torres-Arciga Daniela Venegas Vasti Juárez-González Xiadani Guajardo-Barreto Verónica Monroy-Martínez Daniel Guillén Jacquelina Fernández Juliana Herrera Renato León-Rodriguez Israel Canela-Pérez Blanca H. Ruíz-Ordaz Rafael Valdez-Vazquez Jennifer Bertin-Montoya María Niembro-Ortega Liudmila Villegas-Acosta Daniela López-Castillo Andrea Soriano-Ríos Michael Gastelum-Ramos Tonatiuh Zamora-Barandas Jorge Morales-Baez María García-Rodríguez Mariano García-Martínez Erik Nieto-Patlán Maricarmen Quirasco-Baruch Irma López-Martínez Ernesto Ramírez-Gonzalez Hiram Olivera-Díaz Noe Escobar-Escamilla |
spellingShingle |
Luis A. Herrera Alfredo Hidalgo-Miranda Nancy Reynoso-Noverón Abelardo A. Meneses-García Alfredo Mendoza-Vargas Juan P. Reyes-Grajeda Felipe Vadillo-Ortega Alberto Cedro-Tanda Fernando Peñaloza Emmanuel Frías-Jimenez Cristian Arriaga-Canon Rosaura Ruiz Ofelia Angulo Imelda López-Villaseñor Carlos Amador-Bedolla Diana Vilar-Compte Patricia Cornejo Mireya Cisneros-Villanueva Eduardo Hurtado-Cordova Mariana Cendejas-Orozco José S. Hernández-Morales Bernardo Moreno Irwin A. Hernández-Cruz César A. Herrera Francisco García Miguel A. González-Woge Paulina Munguía-Garza Fernando Luna-Maldonado Antonia Sánchez-Vizcarra Vincent G. Osnaya Nelly Medina-Molotla Yair Alfaro-Mora Rodrigo E. Cáceres-Gutiérrez Laura Tolentino-García Patricia Rosas-Escobar Sergio A. Román-González Marco A. Escobar-Arrazola Julio C. Canseco-Méndez Diana R. Ortiz-Soriano Julieta Domínguez-Ortiz Ana D. González-Barrera Diana I. Aparicio-Bautista Armando Cruz-Rangel Ana Paula Alarcón-Zendejas Laura Contreras-Espinosa Rodrigo González Lissania Guerra-Calderas Marco A. Meraz-Rodríguez Michel Montalvo-Casimiro Rogelio Montiel-Manríquez Karla Torres-Arciga Daniela Venegas Vasti Juárez-González Xiadani Guajardo-Barreto Verónica Monroy-Martínez Daniel Guillén Jacquelina Fernández Juliana Herrera Renato León-Rodriguez Israel Canela-Pérez Blanca H. Ruíz-Ordaz Rafael Valdez-Vazquez Jennifer Bertin-Montoya María Niembro-Ortega Liudmila Villegas-Acosta Daniela López-Castillo Andrea Soriano-Ríos Michael Gastelum-Ramos Tonatiuh Zamora-Barandas Jorge Morales-Baez María García-Rodríguez Mariano García-Martínez Erik Nieto-Patlán Maricarmen Quirasco-Baruch Irma López-Martínez Ernesto Ramírez-Gonzalez Hiram Olivera-Díaz Noe Escobar-Escamilla Saliva is a reliable and accessible source for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 International Journal of Infectious Diseases COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 Diagnostic test Saliva testing Pooling strategy |
author_facet |
Luis A. Herrera Alfredo Hidalgo-Miranda Nancy Reynoso-Noverón Abelardo A. Meneses-García Alfredo Mendoza-Vargas Juan P. Reyes-Grajeda Felipe Vadillo-Ortega Alberto Cedro-Tanda Fernando Peñaloza Emmanuel Frías-Jimenez Cristian Arriaga-Canon Rosaura Ruiz Ofelia Angulo Imelda López-Villaseñor Carlos Amador-Bedolla Diana Vilar-Compte Patricia Cornejo Mireya Cisneros-Villanueva Eduardo Hurtado-Cordova Mariana Cendejas-Orozco José S. Hernández-Morales Bernardo Moreno Irwin A. Hernández-Cruz César A. Herrera Francisco García Miguel A. González-Woge Paulina Munguía-Garza Fernando Luna-Maldonado Antonia Sánchez-Vizcarra Vincent G. Osnaya Nelly Medina-Molotla Yair Alfaro-Mora Rodrigo E. Cáceres-Gutiérrez Laura Tolentino-García Patricia Rosas-Escobar Sergio A. Román-González Marco A. Escobar-Arrazola Julio C. Canseco-Méndez Diana R. Ortiz-Soriano Julieta Domínguez-Ortiz Ana D. González-Barrera Diana I. Aparicio-Bautista Armando Cruz-Rangel Ana Paula Alarcón-Zendejas Laura Contreras-Espinosa Rodrigo González Lissania Guerra-Calderas Marco A. Meraz-Rodríguez Michel Montalvo-Casimiro Rogelio Montiel-Manríquez Karla Torres-Arciga Daniela Venegas Vasti Juárez-González Xiadani Guajardo-Barreto Verónica Monroy-Martínez Daniel Guillén Jacquelina Fernández Juliana Herrera Renato León-Rodriguez Israel Canela-Pérez Blanca H. Ruíz-Ordaz Rafael Valdez-Vazquez Jennifer Bertin-Montoya María Niembro-Ortega Liudmila Villegas-Acosta Daniela López-Castillo Andrea Soriano-Ríos Michael Gastelum-Ramos Tonatiuh Zamora-Barandas Jorge Morales-Baez María García-Rodríguez Mariano García-Martínez Erik Nieto-Patlán Maricarmen Quirasco-Baruch Irma López-Martínez Ernesto Ramírez-Gonzalez Hiram Olivera-Díaz Noe Escobar-Escamilla |
author_sort |
Luis A. Herrera |
title |
Saliva is a reliable and accessible source for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 |
title_short |
Saliva is a reliable and accessible source for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 |
title_full |
Saliva is a reliable and accessible source for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 |
title_fullStr |
Saliva is a reliable and accessible source for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 |
title_full_unstemmed |
Saliva is a reliable and accessible source for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 |
title_sort |
saliva is a reliable and accessible source for the detection of sars-cov-2 |
publisher |
Elsevier |
series |
International Journal of Infectious Diseases |
issn |
1201-9712 |
publishDate |
2021-04-01 |
description |
Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of saliva sampling as a non-invasive and safer tool to detect severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and to compare its reproducibility and sensitivity with nasopharyngeal swab samples (NPS). The use of sample pools was also investigated. Methods: A total of 2107 paired samples were collected from asymptomatic healthcare and office workers in Mexico City. Sixty of these samples were also analyzed in two other independent laboratories for concordance analysis. Sample processing and analysis of virus genetic material were performed according to standard protocols described elsewhere. A pooling analysis was performed by analyzing the saliva pool and the individual pool components. Results: The concordance between NPS and saliva results was 95.2% (kappa 0.727, p = 0.0001) and 97.9% without considering inconclusive results (kappa 0.852, p = 0.0001). Saliva had a lower number of inconclusive results than NPS (0.9% vs 1.9%). Furthermore, saliva showed a significantly higher concentration of both total RNA and viral copies than NPS. Comparison of our results with those of the other two laboratories showed 100% and 97% concordance. Saliva samples are stable without the use of any preservative, and a positive SARS-CoV-2 sample can be detected 5, 10, and 15 days after collection when the sample is stored at 4 °C. Conclusions: The study results indicate that saliva is as effective as NPS for the identification of SARS-CoV-2-infected asymptomatic patients. Sample pooling facilitates the analysis of a larger number of samples, with the benefit of cost reduction. |
topic |
COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 Diagnostic test Saliva testing Pooling strategy |
url |
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1201971221000953 |
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doaj-808519b14d0b4a969c56a911f07e12e92021-04-26T05:54:12ZengElsevierInternational Journal of Infectious Diseases1201-97122021-04-011058390Saliva is a reliable and accessible source for the detection of SARS-CoV-2Luis A. Herrera0Alfredo Hidalgo-Miranda1Nancy Reynoso-Noverón2Abelardo A. Meneses-García3Alfredo Mendoza-Vargas4Juan P. Reyes-Grajeda5Felipe Vadillo-Ortega6Alberto Cedro-Tanda7Fernando Peñaloza8Emmanuel Frías-Jimenez9Cristian Arriaga-Canon10Rosaura Ruiz11Ofelia Angulo12Imelda López-Villaseñor13Carlos Amador-Bedolla14Diana Vilar-Compte15Patricia Cornejo16Mireya Cisneros-Villanueva17Eduardo Hurtado-Cordova18Mariana Cendejas-Orozco19José S. Hernández-Morales20Bernardo Moreno21Irwin A. Hernández-Cruz22César A. Herrera23Francisco García24Miguel A. González-Woge25Paulina Munguía-Garza26Fernando Luna-Maldonado27Antonia Sánchez-Vizcarra28Vincent G. Osnaya29Nelly Medina-Molotla30Yair Alfaro-Mora31Rodrigo E. Cáceres-Gutiérrez32Laura Tolentino-García33Patricia Rosas-Escobar34Sergio A. Román-González35Marco A. Escobar-Arrazola36Julio C. Canseco-Méndez37Diana R. Ortiz-Soriano38Julieta Domínguez-Ortiz39Ana D. González-Barrera40Diana I. Aparicio-Bautista41Armando Cruz-Rangel42Ana Paula Alarcón-Zendejas43Laura Contreras-Espinosa44Rodrigo González45Lissania Guerra-Calderas46Marco A. Meraz-Rodríguez47Michel Montalvo-Casimiro48Rogelio Montiel-Manríquez49Karla Torres-Arciga50Daniela Venegas51Vasti Juárez-González52Xiadani Guajardo-Barreto53Verónica Monroy-Martínez54Daniel Guillén55Jacquelina Fernández56Juliana Herrera57Renato León-Rodriguez58Israel Canela-Pérez59Blanca H. Ruíz-Ordaz60Rafael Valdez-Vazquez61Jennifer Bertin-Montoya62María Niembro-Ortega63Liudmila Villegas-Acosta64Daniela López-Castillo65Andrea Soriano-Ríos66Michael Gastelum-Ramos67Tonatiuh Zamora-Barandas68Jorge Morales-Baez69María García-Rodríguez70Mariano García-Martínez71Erik Nieto-Patlán72Maricarmen Quirasco-Baruch73Irma López-Martínez74Ernesto Ramírez-Gonzalez75Hiram Olivera-Díaz76Noe Escobar-Escamilla77Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, INMEGEN, Mexico City, Mexico; Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico; Corresponding authors at: National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Periferico Sur 4809, Arenal Tepepan, 14610 Mexico City, Mexico.Laboratorio de Genómica del Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, INMEGEN, Mexico City, Mexico; Corresponding authors at: National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Periferico Sur 4809, Arenal Tepepan, 14610 Mexico City, Mexico.Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, MexicoInstituto Nacional de Cancerología, INCAN, Mexico City, MexicoUnidad de Secuenciación, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, INMEGEN, Mexico City, MexicoUnidad de Secuenciación, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, INMEGEN, Mexico City, MexicoUnidad de Vinculación Científica Facultad de Medicina-INMEGEN, Mexico City, MexicoInstituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, INMEGEN, Mexico City, MexicoUnidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, MexicoInstituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, INMEGEN, Mexico City, MexicoUnidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, MexicoSecretaria de Educación, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación, Mexico City, MexicoSecretaria de Educación, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación, Mexico City, MexicoInstituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, MexicoDepartamento de Física y Química Teórica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, MexicoInstituto Nacional de Cancerología, INCAN, Mexico City, MexicoInstituto Nacional de Cancerología, INCAN, Mexico City, MexicoLaboratorio de Genómica del Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, INMEGEN, Mexico City, MexicoLaboratorio de Genómica del Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, INMEGEN, Mexico City, MexicoLaboratorio de Genómica del Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, INMEGEN, Mexico City, MexicoUnidad de Secuenciación, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, INMEGEN, Mexico City, MexicoUnidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, MexicoUnidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, MexicoUnidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, MexicoUnidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, MexicoUnidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, MexicoUnidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, MexicoUnidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, MexicoUnidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, MexicoUnidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, MexicoUnidad de Secuenciación, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, INMEGEN, Mexico City, MexicoUnidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, MexicoUnidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, MexicoUnidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, MexicoUnidad de Secuenciación, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, INMEGEN, Mexico City, MexicoInstituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, INMEGEN, Mexico City, MexicoUnidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, MexicoUnidad de Secuenciación, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, INMEGEN, Mexico City, MexicoInstituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, INMEGEN, Mexico City, MexicoUnidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, MexicoInstituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, INMEGEN, Mexico City, MexicoInstituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, INMEGEN, Mexico City, MexicoInstituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, INMEGEN, Mexico City, MexicoUnidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, MexicoUnidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, MexicoUnidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, MexicoUnidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, MexicoUnidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, MexicoUnidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, MexicoUnidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, MexicoUnidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, MexicoUnidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, MexicoUnidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, MexicoUnidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, MexicoInstituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, MexicoInstituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, MexicoInstituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, MexicoInstituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, MexicoInstituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, MexicoInstituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, MexicoInstituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, MexicoUnidad Temporal COVID-19, Mexico City, MexicoUnidad Temporal COVID-19, Mexico City, MexicoUnidad Temporal COVID-19, Mexico City, MexicoUnidad Temporal COVID-19, Mexico City, MexicoUnidad Temporal COVID-19, Mexico City, MexicoUnidad Temporal COVID-19, Mexico City, MexicoUnidad Temporal COVID-19, Mexico City, MexicoUnidad Temporal COVID-19, Mexico City, MexicoUnidad Temporal COVID-19, Mexico City, MexicoUnidad de Investigación Preclínica, Facultad de Química, Mexico City, MexicoUnidad de Investigación Preclínica, Facultad de Química, Mexico City, MexicoUnidad de Investigación Preclínica, Facultad de Química, Mexico City, MexicoDepartamento de Alimentos y Biotecnología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, MexicoInstituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, InDRE, Mexico City, MexicoInstituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, InDRE, Mexico City, MexicoInstituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, InDRE, Mexico City, MexicoInstituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, InDRE, Mexico City, MexicoObjectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of saliva sampling as a non-invasive and safer tool to detect severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and to compare its reproducibility and sensitivity with nasopharyngeal swab samples (NPS). The use of sample pools was also investigated. Methods: A total of 2107 paired samples were collected from asymptomatic healthcare and office workers in Mexico City. Sixty of these samples were also analyzed in two other independent laboratories for concordance analysis. Sample processing and analysis of virus genetic material were performed according to standard protocols described elsewhere. A pooling analysis was performed by analyzing the saliva pool and the individual pool components. Results: The concordance between NPS and saliva results was 95.2% (kappa 0.727, p = 0.0001) and 97.9% without considering inconclusive results (kappa 0.852, p = 0.0001). Saliva had a lower number of inconclusive results than NPS (0.9% vs 1.9%). Furthermore, saliva showed a significantly higher concentration of both total RNA and viral copies than NPS. Comparison of our results with those of the other two laboratories showed 100% and 97% concordance. Saliva samples are stable without the use of any preservative, and a positive SARS-CoV-2 sample can be detected 5, 10, and 15 days after collection when the sample is stored at 4 °C. Conclusions: The study results indicate that saliva is as effective as NPS for the identification of SARS-CoV-2-infected asymptomatic patients. Sample pooling facilitates the analysis of a larger number of samples, with the benefit of cost reduction.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1201971221000953COVID-19SARS-CoV-2Diagnostic testSaliva testingPooling strategy |