| Summary: | It is important to place water quality sensors along open channels in long-distance water transfer projects optimally for rapid source identification and efficient management of sudden water contamination. A new framework which considers multiple objectives, including earliest detection time, lowest missing detection rate and lowest sensor cost, and combines the randomness of injected contaminant type and contaminant incident consisting of contaminant intrusion location, time and mass, was established to obtain optimal placement of water quality sensor with better robustness in this paper. The middle route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project in China was chosen as a case study, and it was found that both missing detection rate and detection time decrease with sensor cost gradually; furthermore, given the higher detecting precision, the detection accuracy and efficiency would be improved, a smaller number of water quality sensors would be needed, and the ten key placement positions where sensor with different detecting precision placed could be identified. Under the constraints of the allowable maximum missing detection rate, 1.00%, and detection time, 120.00 min, the detecting precision of 0.20mg/L and 38 sensors placed could be selected as the optimal sensor placement scheme. Finally, with the consideration of contaminant uncertainty, the sensor placement scheme with better robustness could be constructed. The proposed framework would be helpful in solving the problem of water quality sensor placement with high practicality and efficiency in long-distance water transfer projects.
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