The Force Cone Method Applied to Explain Hidden Whirls in Tribology
In tribologically loaded materials, folding instabilities and vortices lead to the formation of complex internal structures. This is true for geological as well as nanoscopic contacts. Classically, these structures have been described by Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities or shear localization. We here...
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doaj-80b0a0ed913c4190aaa41d65e363a7c62021-07-23T13:51:38ZengMDPI AGMaterials1996-19442021-07-01143894389410.3390/ma14143894The Force Cone Method Applied to Explain Hidden Whirls in TribologyClaus Mattheck0Christian Greiner1Klaus Bethge2Iwiza Tesari3Karlheinz Weber4Institute for Applied Materials (IAM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, GermanyInstitute for Applied Materials (IAM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, GermanyInstitute for Applied Materials (IAM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, GermanyInstitute for Applied Materials (IAM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, GermanyInstitute for Applied Materials (IAM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, GermanyIn tribologically loaded materials, folding instabilities and vortices lead to the formation of complex internal structures. This is true for geological as well as nanoscopic contacts. Classically, these structures have been described by Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities or shear localization. We here introduce an alternative explanation based on an intuitive approach referred to as the force cone method. It is considered how whirls are situated near forces acting on a free surface of an elastic or elastoplastic solid. The force cone results are supplemented by finite element simulations. Depending on the direction of the acting force, one or two whirls are predicted by the simplified force cone method. In 3D, there is always a ring shaped whirl present. These modelling findings were tested in simple model experiments. The results qualitatively match the predictions and whirl formation was found. The force cone method and the experiments may seem trivial, but they are an ideal tool to intuitively understand the presence of whirls within a solid under a tribological load. The position of these whirls was found at the predicted places and the force cone method allows a direct approach to understand the complex processes in the otherwise buried interfaces of tribologically loaded materials.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/14/14/3894tribologyvorticesforce cone methodwhirlsFEM |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Claus Mattheck Christian Greiner Klaus Bethge Iwiza Tesari Karlheinz Weber |
spellingShingle |
Claus Mattheck Christian Greiner Klaus Bethge Iwiza Tesari Karlheinz Weber The Force Cone Method Applied to Explain Hidden Whirls in Tribology Materials tribology vortices force cone method whirls FEM |
author_facet |
Claus Mattheck Christian Greiner Klaus Bethge Iwiza Tesari Karlheinz Weber |
author_sort |
Claus Mattheck |
title |
The Force Cone Method Applied to Explain Hidden Whirls in Tribology |
title_short |
The Force Cone Method Applied to Explain Hidden Whirls in Tribology |
title_full |
The Force Cone Method Applied to Explain Hidden Whirls in Tribology |
title_fullStr |
The Force Cone Method Applied to Explain Hidden Whirls in Tribology |
title_full_unstemmed |
The Force Cone Method Applied to Explain Hidden Whirls in Tribology |
title_sort |
force cone method applied to explain hidden whirls in tribology |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Materials |
issn |
1996-1944 |
publishDate |
2021-07-01 |
description |
In tribologically loaded materials, folding instabilities and vortices lead to the formation of complex internal structures. This is true for geological as well as nanoscopic contacts. Classically, these structures have been described by Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities or shear localization. We here introduce an alternative explanation based on an intuitive approach referred to as the force cone method. It is considered how whirls are situated near forces acting on a free surface of an elastic or elastoplastic solid. The force cone results are supplemented by finite element simulations. Depending on the direction of the acting force, one or two whirls are predicted by the simplified force cone method. In 3D, there is always a ring shaped whirl present. These modelling findings were tested in simple model experiments. The results qualitatively match the predictions and whirl formation was found. The force cone method and the experiments may seem trivial, but they are an ideal tool to intuitively understand the presence of whirls within a solid under a tribological load. The position of these whirls was found at the predicted places and the force cone method allows a direct approach to understand the complex processes in the otherwise buried interfaces of tribologically loaded materials. |
topic |
tribology vortices force cone method whirls FEM |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/14/14/3894 |
work_keys_str_mv |
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