Development of a Third Generation Snack of Rice Starch Enriched with Nopal Flour (<i>Opuntia ficus indica</i>)

• Main Authors: Cecilia Anchondo-Trejo, Jaime Alonso Loya-Carrasco, Tomás Galicia-García, Iván Estrada-Moreno, Mónica Mendoza-Duarte, Lilisbet Castellanos-Gallo, Rubén Márquez-Meléndez, Beatriz Portillo-Arroyo, Cesar Soto-Figueroa
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: MDPI AG 2021-12-01
• Series: Molecules
• Subjects: third generation snacks; modified rice starch; nopal flour
• Online Access: https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/1/54

This study aimed to obtain a third-generation snack from native rice starch (NS), rice starch modified by extrusion (MS), nopal flour (NF) and xanthan gum (XG). These raw materials were characterized by proximal analysis, pH, particle size distribution, water absorption index (WAI) and water solubility index (WSI), degree of substitution (DS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), rheology, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The analysis of the response variables in the nine formulations of the snack: expansion index (EI), apparent density (AD), hardness (H), luminosity (L*) and tendency to green-red (a*), was performed through a composite central design (CCD), the selected formulations were characterized by SEM. Results showed an increase in WAI, 4.69 ± 0.04, and WSI, 12.61 ± 0.10, for MS, higher than NS values due to chemical modification. According to the color analysis the NF obtained a value of 60.73 ± 0.008 in L* and −6.51 ± 0.004 in a* with green tendency. The DS value obtained was 0.09 ± 0.005, being within the FDA’s permissible range for food use. By FTIR analysis, the acetyl group was corroborated. Finally, employing microwave cooking, snacks made from NS with concentrations of NF (5%) and XG (0%) obtained the highest EI value, 4.47, as well the low Dap and D value (0.37 g/cm³, 2.25 N, respectively), corroborated by SEM analysis.