Hidradenitis Suppurativa: Where We Are and Where We Are Going
Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease primarily affecting apocrine gland-rich areas of the body. It is a multifactorial disease in which genetic and environmental factors play a key role. The primary defect in HS pathophysiology involves follicular occlusion of the fol...
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doaj-830ffa6d90fd49f6a3ec64b672fb1ba22021-08-26T13:37:39ZengMDPI AGCells2073-44092021-08-01102094209410.3390/cells10082094Hidradenitis Suppurativa: Where We Are and Where We Are GoingEmanuele Scala0Sara Cacciapuoti1Natalie Garzorz-Stark2Matteo Megna3Claudio Marasca4Peter Seiringer5Thomas Volz6Kilian Eyerich7Gabriella Fabbrocini8Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Medicine Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, SwedenDepartment of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, ItalyDivision of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Medicine Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, SwedenDepartment of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, ItalyDepartment of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, ItalyDivision of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Medicine Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, SwedenDepartment of Dermatology and Allergy, Technical University of Munich, 80802 Munich, GermanyDivision of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Medicine Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, SwedenDepartment of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, ItalyHidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease primarily affecting apocrine gland-rich areas of the body. It is a multifactorial disease in which genetic and environmental factors play a key role. The primary defect in HS pathophysiology involves follicular occlusion of the folliculopilosebaceous unit, followed by follicular rupture and immune responses. Innate pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1β, and TNF-α); mediators of activated T helper (Th)1 and Th17 cells (e.g., IFN-γ, and IL-17); and effector mechanisms of neutrophilic granulocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells are involved. On the other hand, HS lesions contain anti-inflammatory mediators (e.g., IL-10) and show limited activity of Th22 cells. The inflammatory vicious circle finally results in pain, purulence, tissue destruction, and scarring. HS pathogenesis is still enigmatic, and a valid animal model for HS is currently not available. All these aspects represent a challenge for the development of therapeutic approaches, which are urgently needed for this debilitating disease. Available treatments are limited, mostly off-label, and surgical interventions are often required to achieve remission. In this paper, we provide an overview of the current knowledge surrounding HS, including the diagnosis, pathogenesis, treatments, and existing translational studies.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/10/8/2094hidradenitis suppurativadiagnosispathogenesistreatmentstranslational studies |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Emanuele Scala Sara Cacciapuoti Natalie Garzorz-Stark Matteo Megna Claudio Marasca Peter Seiringer Thomas Volz Kilian Eyerich Gabriella Fabbrocini |
spellingShingle |
Emanuele Scala Sara Cacciapuoti Natalie Garzorz-Stark Matteo Megna Claudio Marasca Peter Seiringer Thomas Volz Kilian Eyerich Gabriella Fabbrocini Hidradenitis Suppurativa: Where We Are and Where We Are Going Cells hidradenitis suppurativa diagnosis pathogenesis treatments translational studies |
author_facet |
Emanuele Scala Sara Cacciapuoti Natalie Garzorz-Stark Matteo Megna Claudio Marasca Peter Seiringer Thomas Volz Kilian Eyerich Gabriella Fabbrocini |
author_sort |
Emanuele Scala |
title |
Hidradenitis Suppurativa: Where We Are and Where We Are Going |
title_short |
Hidradenitis Suppurativa: Where We Are and Where We Are Going |
title_full |
Hidradenitis Suppurativa: Where We Are and Where We Are Going |
title_fullStr |
Hidradenitis Suppurativa: Where We Are and Where We Are Going |
title_full_unstemmed |
Hidradenitis Suppurativa: Where We Are and Where We Are Going |
title_sort |
hidradenitis suppurativa: where we are and where we are going |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Cells |
issn |
2073-4409 |
publishDate |
2021-08-01 |
description |
Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease primarily affecting apocrine gland-rich areas of the body. It is a multifactorial disease in which genetic and environmental factors play a key role. The primary defect in HS pathophysiology involves follicular occlusion of the folliculopilosebaceous unit, followed by follicular rupture and immune responses. Innate pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1β, and TNF-α); mediators of activated T helper (Th)1 and Th17 cells (e.g., IFN-γ, and IL-17); and effector mechanisms of neutrophilic granulocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells are involved. On the other hand, HS lesions contain anti-inflammatory mediators (e.g., IL-10) and show limited activity of Th22 cells. The inflammatory vicious circle finally results in pain, purulence, tissue destruction, and scarring. HS pathogenesis is still enigmatic, and a valid animal model for HS is currently not available. All these aspects represent a challenge for the development of therapeutic approaches, which are urgently needed for this debilitating disease. Available treatments are limited, mostly off-label, and surgical interventions are often required to achieve remission. In this paper, we provide an overview of the current knowledge surrounding HS, including the diagnosis, pathogenesis, treatments, and existing translational studies. |
topic |
hidradenitis suppurativa diagnosis pathogenesis treatments translational studies |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/10/8/2094 |
work_keys_str_mv |
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