The Multifaceted p21 (Cip1/Waf1/<i>CDKN1A</i>) in Cell Differentiation, Migration and Cancer Therapy
Loss of cell cycle control is characteristic of tumorigenesis. The protein p21 is the founding member of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors and an important versatile cell cycle protein. p21 is transcriptionally controlled by p53 and p53-independent pathways. Its expression is increased in response...
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doaj-8406396bb46a4112b512cfce817760e12020-11-24T21:25:43ZengMDPI AGCancers2072-66942019-08-01119122010.3390/cancers11091220cancers11091220The Multifaceted p21 (Cip1/Waf1/<i>CDKN1A</i>) in Cell Differentiation, Migration and Cancer TherapyNina-Naomi Kreis0Frank Louwen1Juping Yuan2Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital, J. W. Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt, GermanyDepartment of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital, J. W. Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt, GermanyDepartment of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital, J. W. Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt, GermanyLoss of cell cycle control is characteristic of tumorigenesis. The protein p21 is the founding member of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors and an important versatile cell cycle protein. p21 is transcriptionally controlled by p53 and p53-independent pathways. Its expression is increased in response to various intra- and extracellular stimuli to arrest the cell cycle ensuring genomic stability. Apart from its roles in cell cycle regulation including mitosis, p21 is involved in differentiation, cell migration, cytoskeletal dynamics, apoptosis, transcription, DNA repair, reprogramming of induced pluripotent stem cells, autophagy and the onset of senescence. p21 acts either as a tumor suppressor or as an oncogene depending largely on the cellular context, its subcellular localization and posttranslational modifications. In the present review, we briefly mention the general functions of p21 and summarize its roles in differentiation, migration and invasion in detail. Finally, regarding its dual role as tumor suppressor and oncogene, we highlight the potential, difficulties and risks of using p21 as a biomarker as well as a therapeutic target.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/11/9/1220p21<i>CDKN1A</i>differentiationmigrationmetastasisanti-cancer therapy |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Nina-Naomi Kreis Frank Louwen Juping Yuan |
spellingShingle |
Nina-Naomi Kreis Frank Louwen Juping Yuan The Multifaceted p21 (Cip1/Waf1/<i>CDKN1A</i>) in Cell Differentiation, Migration and Cancer Therapy Cancers p21 <i>CDKN1A</i> differentiation migration metastasis anti-cancer therapy |
author_facet |
Nina-Naomi Kreis Frank Louwen Juping Yuan |
author_sort |
Nina-Naomi Kreis |
title |
The Multifaceted p21 (Cip1/Waf1/<i>CDKN1A</i>) in Cell Differentiation, Migration and Cancer Therapy |
title_short |
The Multifaceted p21 (Cip1/Waf1/<i>CDKN1A</i>) in Cell Differentiation, Migration and Cancer Therapy |
title_full |
The Multifaceted p21 (Cip1/Waf1/<i>CDKN1A</i>) in Cell Differentiation, Migration and Cancer Therapy |
title_fullStr |
The Multifaceted p21 (Cip1/Waf1/<i>CDKN1A</i>) in Cell Differentiation, Migration and Cancer Therapy |
title_full_unstemmed |
The Multifaceted p21 (Cip1/Waf1/<i>CDKN1A</i>) in Cell Differentiation, Migration and Cancer Therapy |
title_sort |
multifaceted p21 (cip1/waf1/<i>cdkn1a</i>) in cell differentiation, migration and cancer therapy |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Cancers |
issn |
2072-6694 |
publishDate |
2019-08-01 |
description |
Loss of cell cycle control is characteristic of tumorigenesis. The protein p21 is the founding member of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors and an important versatile cell cycle protein. p21 is transcriptionally controlled by p53 and p53-independent pathways. Its expression is increased in response to various intra- and extracellular stimuli to arrest the cell cycle ensuring genomic stability. Apart from its roles in cell cycle regulation including mitosis, p21 is involved in differentiation, cell migration, cytoskeletal dynamics, apoptosis, transcription, DNA repair, reprogramming of induced pluripotent stem cells, autophagy and the onset of senescence. p21 acts either as a tumor suppressor or as an oncogene depending largely on the cellular context, its subcellular localization and posttranslational modifications. In the present review, we briefly mention the general functions of p21 and summarize its roles in differentiation, migration and invasion in detail. Finally, regarding its dual role as tumor suppressor and oncogene, we highlight the potential, difficulties and risks of using p21 as a biomarker as well as a therapeutic target. |
topic |
p21 <i>CDKN1A</i> differentiation migration metastasis anti-cancer therapy |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/11/9/1220 |
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