The Direct 3D Printing of Functional PEEK/Hydroxyapatite Composites via a Fused Filament Fabrication Approach
The manufacture of polyetheretherketone/hydroxyapatite (PEEK/HA) composites is seen as a viable approach to help enhance direct bone apposition in orthopaedic implants. A range of methods have been used to produce composites, including Selective Laser Sintering and injection moulding. Such technique...
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doaj-876c46cfd74a4398a5792524aba56ccb2021-02-13T00:04:08ZengMDPI AGPolymers2073-43602021-02-011354554510.3390/polym13040545The Direct 3D Printing of Functional PEEK/Hydroxyapatite Composites via a Fused Filament Fabrication ApproachKrzysztof Rodzeń0Preetam K. Sharma1Alistair McIlhagger2Mozaffar Mokhtari3Foram Dave4David Tormey5Richard Sherlock6Brian J. Meenan7Adrian Boyd8School of Engineering, Ulster University, Shore Road, Newtownabbey, Co. Antrim BT37 0QB, Northern Ireland, UKSchool of Engineering, Ulster University, Shore Road, Newtownabbey, Co. Antrim BT37 0QB, Northern Ireland, UKSchool of Engineering, Ulster University, Shore Road, Newtownabbey, Co. Antrim BT37 0QB, Northern Ireland, UKSchool of Engineering, Ulster University, Shore Road, Newtownabbey, Co. Antrim BT37 0QB, Northern Ireland, UKCentre for Precision Engineering, Materials and Manufacturing Research, Institute of Technology Sligo, Ash Lane, F91 YW50 Sligo, IrelandCentre for Precision Engineering, Materials and Manufacturing Research, Institute of Technology Sligo, Ash Lane, F91 YW50 Sligo, IrelandCentre for Precision Engineering, Materials and Manufacturing Research, Institute of Technology Sligo, Ash Lane, F91 YW50 Sligo, IrelandSchool of Engineering, Ulster University, Shore Road, Newtownabbey, Co. Antrim BT37 0QB, Northern Ireland, UKSchool of Engineering, Ulster University, Shore Road, Newtownabbey, Co. Antrim BT37 0QB, Northern Ireland, UKThe manufacture of polyetheretherketone/hydroxyapatite (PEEK/HA) composites is seen as a viable approach to help enhance direct bone apposition in orthopaedic implants. A range of methods have been used to produce composites, including Selective Laser Sintering and injection moulding. Such techniques have drawbacks and lack flexibility to manufacture complex, custom-designed implants. 3D printing gets around many of the restraints and provides new opportunities for innovative solutions that are structurally suited to meet the needs of the patient. This work reports the direct 3D printing of extruded PEEK/HA composite filaments via a Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) approach. In this work samples are 3D printed by a custom modified commercial printer Ultimaker 2+ (UM2+). SEM-EDX and µCT analyses show that HA particles are evenly distributed throughout the bulk and across the surface of the native 3D printed samples, with XRD highlighting up to 50% crystallinity and crystalline domains clearly observed in SEM and HR-TEM analyses. This highlights the favourable temperature conditions during 3D printing. The yield stress and ultimate tensile strength obtained for all the samples are comparable to human femoral cortical bone. The results show how FFF 3D printing of PEEK/HA composites up to 30 wt% HA can be achieved.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/13/4/545additive manufacturingadvanced composite materials3D printingfused filament fabricationPEEKpolyetheretherketone |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Krzysztof Rodzeń Preetam K. Sharma Alistair McIlhagger Mozaffar Mokhtari Foram Dave David Tormey Richard Sherlock Brian J. Meenan Adrian Boyd |
spellingShingle |
Krzysztof Rodzeń Preetam K. Sharma Alistair McIlhagger Mozaffar Mokhtari Foram Dave David Tormey Richard Sherlock Brian J. Meenan Adrian Boyd The Direct 3D Printing of Functional PEEK/Hydroxyapatite Composites via a Fused Filament Fabrication Approach Polymers additive manufacturing advanced composite materials 3D printing fused filament fabrication PEEK polyetheretherketone |
author_facet |
Krzysztof Rodzeń Preetam K. Sharma Alistair McIlhagger Mozaffar Mokhtari Foram Dave David Tormey Richard Sherlock Brian J. Meenan Adrian Boyd |
author_sort |
Krzysztof Rodzeń |
title |
The Direct 3D Printing of Functional PEEK/Hydroxyapatite Composites via a Fused Filament Fabrication Approach |
title_short |
The Direct 3D Printing of Functional PEEK/Hydroxyapatite Composites via a Fused Filament Fabrication Approach |
title_full |
The Direct 3D Printing of Functional PEEK/Hydroxyapatite Composites via a Fused Filament Fabrication Approach |
title_fullStr |
The Direct 3D Printing of Functional PEEK/Hydroxyapatite Composites via a Fused Filament Fabrication Approach |
title_full_unstemmed |
The Direct 3D Printing of Functional PEEK/Hydroxyapatite Composites via a Fused Filament Fabrication Approach |
title_sort |
direct 3d printing of functional peek/hydroxyapatite composites via a fused filament fabrication approach |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Polymers |
issn |
2073-4360 |
publishDate |
2021-02-01 |
description |
The manufacture of polyetheretherketone/hydroxyapatite (PEEK/HA) composites is seen as a viable approach to help enhance direct bone apposition in orthopaedic implants. A range of methods have been used to produce composites, including Selective Laser Sintering and injection moulding. Such techniques have drawbacks and lack flexibility to manufacture complex, custom-designed implants. 3D printing gets around many of the restraints and provides new opportunities for innovative solutions that are structurally suited to meet the needs of the patient. This work reports the direct 3D printing of extruded PEEK/HA composite filaments via a Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) approach. In this work samples are 3D printed by a custom modified commercial printer Ultimaker 2+ (UM2+). SEM-EDX and µCT analyses show that HA particles are evenly distributed throughout the bulk and across the surface of the native 3D printed samples, with XRD highlighting up to 50% crystallinity and crystalline domains clearly observed in SEM and HR-TEM analyses. This highlights the favourable temperature conditions during 3D printing. The yield stress and ultimate tensile strength obtained for all the samples are comparable to human femoral cortical bone. The results show how FFF 3D printing of PEEK/HA composites up to 30 wt% HA can be achieved. |
topic |
additive manufacturing advanced composite materials 3D printing fused filament fabrication PEEK polyetheretherketone |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/13/4/545 |
work_keys_str_mv |
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