Synergistic effects of hypoxia and increasing CO2 on benthic invertebrates of the central Chilean coast
Ocean acidification and hypoxic events are an increasing worldwide problem, but the synergetic effects of these factors are seldom explored. However, this synergetic occurrence of stressors is prevalent. The coastline of Chile not only suffers from coastal hypoxia but the cold, oxygen-poor waters in...
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doaj-8ae175685c8e4badb468297f2709e6112020-11-25T01:06:39ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Marine Science2296-77452015-07-01210.3389/fmars.2015.00049145585Synergistic effects of hypoxia and increasing CO2 on benthic invertebrates of the central Chilean coastAlexandra eSteckbauer0Laura eRamajo1Laura eRamajo2Iris E. Hendriks3Miriam eFernandez4Nelson eLagos5Nelson eLagos6Luis ePrado7Carlos M. eDuarte8Carlos M. eDuarte9Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB)Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB)Universidad Santo TomásInstituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB)Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileUniversidad Santo TomásUniversidad de ConcepciónUniversidad Santo TomásInstituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Ocean acidification and hypoxic events are an increasing worldwide problem, but the synergetic effects of these factors are seldom explored. However, this synergetic occurrence of stressors is prevalent. The coastline of Chile not only suffers from coastal hypoxia but the cold, oxygen-poor waters in upwelling events are also supersaturated in CO2, a study site to explore the combined effect of ocean acidification and hypoxia. We experimentally evaluated the metabolic response of different invertebrate species (2 anthozoans, 9 molluscs, 4 crustaceans, 2 echinoderms) of the coastline of central Chile (33°30’S, 71°37’W) to hypoxia and ocean acidification within predicted levels and in a full factorial design. Organisms were exposed to 4 different treatments (ambient, low oxygen, high CO2, and the combination of low oxygen and high CO2) and metabolism was measured after 3 and 6 days. We show that the combination of hypoxia and increased pCO2 reduces the respiration significantly, compared to a single stressor. The evaluation of synergistic pressures, a more realistic scenario than single stressors, is crucial to evaluate the effect of future changes for coastal species and our results provide the first insight on what might happen in the next 100 years.http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fmars.2015.00049/fullChileInvertebrateshypoxiaocean acidificationRespiration rate |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Alexandra eSteckbauer Laura eRamajo Laura eRamajo Iris E. Hendriks Miriam eFernandez Nelson eLagos Nelson eLagos Luis ePrado Carlos M. eDuarte Carlos M. eDuarte |
spellingShingle |
Alexandra eSteckbauer Laura eRamajo Laura eRamajo Iris E. Hendriks Miriam eFernandez Nelson eLagos Nelson eLagos Luis ePrado Carlos M. eDuarte Carlos M. eDuarte Synergistic effects of hypoxia and increasing CO2 on benthic invertebrates of the central Chilean coast Frontiers in Marine Science Chile Invertebrates hypoxia ocean acidification Respiration rate |
author_facet |
Alexandra eSteckbauer Laura eRamajo Laura eRamajo Iris E. Hendriks Miriam eFernandez Nelson eLagos Nelson eLagos Luis ePrado Carlos M. eDuarte Carlos M. eDuarte |
author_sort |
Alexandra eSteckbauer |
title |
Synergistic effects of hypoxia and increasing CO2 on benthic invertebrates of the central Chilean coast |
title_short |
Synergistic effects of hypoxia and increasing CO2 on benthic invertebrates of the central Chilean coast |
title_full |
Synergistic effects of hypoxia and increasing CO2 on benthic invertebrates of the central Chilean coast |
title_fullStr |
Synergistic effects of hypoxia and increasing CO2 on benthic invertebrates of the central Chilean coast |
title_full_unstemmed |
Synergistic effects of hypoxia and increasing CO2 on benthic invertebrates of the central Chilean coast |
title_sort |
synergistic effects of hypoxia and increasing co2 on benthic invertebrates of the central chilean coast |
publisher |
Frontiers Media S.A. |
series |
Frontiers in Marine Science |
issn |
2296-7745 |
publishDate |
2015-07-01 |
description |
Ocean acidification and hypoxic events are an increasing worldwide problem, but the synergetic effects of these factors are seldom explored. However, this synergetic occurrence of stressors is prevalent. The coastline of Chile not only suffers from coastal hypoxia but the cold, oxygen-poor waters in upwelling events are also supersaturated in CO2, a study site to explore the combined effect of ocean acidification and hypoxia. We experimentally evaluated the metabolic response of different invertebrate species (2 anthozoans, 9 molluscs, 4 crustaceans, 2 echinoderms) of the coastline of central Chile (33°30’S, 71°37’W) to hypoxia and ocean acidification within predicted levels and in a full factorial design. Organisms were exposed to 4 different treatments (ambient, low oxygen, high CO2, and the combination of low oxygen and high CO2) and metabolism was measured after 3 and 6 days. We show that the combination of hypoxia and increased pCO2 reduces the respiration significantly, compared to a single stressor. The evaluation of synergistic pressures, a more realistic scenario than single stressors, is crucial to evaluate the effect of future changes for coastal species and our results provide the first insight on what might happen in the next 100 years. |
topic |
Chile Invertebrates hypoxia ocean acidification Respiration rate |
url |
http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fmars.2015.00049/full |
work_keys_str_mv |
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