Encephalopathy Associated With Autoimmune Thyroid Disease
Autoimmune thyroid diseases (ATDs) are immune-endocrine disorders affecting the thyroid gland and, eventually, also a number of other systemic targets, including the brain and the nervous system. Encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroid disease (EAATD) is a rare, heterogeneous condition ari...
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2014-07-01
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doaj-8c96472c303243d3ae0f633ec540391b2020-11-24T21:22:34ZengEuropean Medical JournalEuropean Medical Journal Neurology2054-45292014-07-01217277Encephalopathy Associated With Autoimmune Thyroid Diseaseli A. Raouf0Gianluca Tamagno1Department of General Internal Medicine, St. Columcille’s Hospital, Loughlinstown, Co. Dublin, IrelandDepartment of General Internal Medicine, St. Columcille’s Hospital, Loughlinstown, Co. Dublin, IrelandAutoimmune thyroid diseases (ATDs) are immune-endocrine disorders affecting the thyroid gland and, eventually, also a number of other systemic targets, including the brain and the nervous system. Encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroid disease (EAATD) is a rare, heterogeneous condition arising from the background of an ATD. It is characterised by neurological and/or psychiatric symptoms with acute or sub-acute onset, and virtually any neurological or psychiatric symptom can appear. However, EAATD often presents with confusion, altered consciousness, seizures, or myoclonus. The majority of cases are associated with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, but a number of patients with Graves’ disease have also been described. EAATD is likely an immune-mediated disorder. Its exact prevalence has not been precisely elucidated, with an increasing number of cases reported in the last few years. Most EAATD patients respond in a dramatic manner to corticosteroids. However, the immunosuppressive treatment may require a long course (up to 12 months). The increasing number of EAATD cases reported in the literature demonstrates a growing interest of the scientific community about this condition, which still requires a better definition of its pathophysiology, the diagnostic criteria, and the most appropriate management, including the long-term follow-up of patients. The current clinical evidence about EAATD is mostly based on the report of single cases or small cohort studies. In this review, we present the current knowledge about EAATD, with a dedicated focus to the clinical management of the patients from a diagnostic and therapeutic perspective.http://emjreviews.com/wp-content/uploads/Encephalopathy-Associated-With-Autoimmune-Thyroid-Disease.pdfEncephalopathyGraves’ diseaseHashimoto’s thyroiditisthyroid |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
li A. Raouf Gianluca Tamagno |
spellingShingle |
li A. Raouf Gianluca Tamagno Encephalopathy Associated With Autoimmune Thyroid Disease European Medical Journal Neurology Encephalopathy Graves’ disease Hashimoto’s thyroiditis thyroid |
author_facet |
li A. Raouf Gianluca Tamagno |
author_sort |
li A. Raouf |
title |
Encephalopathy Associated With Autoimmune Thyroid Disease |
title_short |
Encephalopathy Associated With Autoimmune Thyroid Disease |
title_full |
Encephalopathy Associated With Autoimmune Thyroid Disease |
title_fullStr |
Encephalopathy Associated With Autoimmune Thyroid Disease |
title_full_unstemmed |
Encephalopathy Associated With Autoimmune Thyroid Disease |
title_sort |
encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroid disease |
publisher |
European Medical Journal |
series |
European Medical Journal Neurology |
issn |
2054-4529 |
publishDate |
2014-07-01 |
description |
Autoimmune thyroid diseases (ATDs) are immune-endocrine disorders affecting the thyroid gland and, eventually, also a number of other systemic targets, including the brain and the nervous system. Encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroid disease (EAATD) is a rare, heterogeneous condition arising from the background of an ATD. It is characterised by neurological and/or psychiatric symptoms with acute or sub-acute onset, and virtually any neurological or psychiatric symptom can appear. However, EAATD often presents with confusion, altered consciousness, seizures, or myoclonus. The majority of cases are associated with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, but a number of patients with Graves’ disease have also been described. EAATD is likely an immune-mediated disorder. Its exact prevalence has not been precisely elucidated, with an increasing number of cases reported in the last few years. Most EAATD patients respond in a dramatic manner to corticosteroids. However, the immunosuppressive treatment may require a long course (up to 12 months). The increasing number of EAATD cases reported in the literature demonstrates a growing interest of the scientific community about this condition, which still requires a better definition of its pathophysiology, the diagnostic criteria, and the most appropriate management, including the long-term follow-up of patients. The current clinical evidence about EAATD is mostly based on the report of single cases or small cohort studies. In this review, we present the current knowledge about EAATD, with a dedicated focus to the clinical management of the patients from a diagnostic and therapeutic perspective. |
topic |
Encephalopathy Graves’ disease Hashimoto’s thyroiditis thyroid |
url |
http://emjreviews.com/wp-content/uploads/Encephalopathy-Associated-With-Autoimmune-Thyroid-Disease.pdf |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT liaraouf encephalopathyassociatedwithautoimmunethyroiddisease AT gianlucatamagno encephalopathyassociatedwithautoimmunethyroiddisease |
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