Evolution and Application of Genome Editing Techniques for Achieving Food and Nutritional Security
A world with zero hunger is possible only through a sustainable increase in food production and distribution and the elimination of poverty. Scientific, logistical, and humanitarian approaches must be employed simultaneously to ensure food security, starting with farmers and breeders and extending t...
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doaj-8d2ae6dda4534623a5c221a0b987299d2021-06-01T01:03:09ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672021-05-01225585558510.3390/ijms22115585Evolution and Application of Genome Editing Techniques for Achieving Food and Nutritional SecuritySajid Fiaz0Sunny Ahmar1Sajjad Saeed2Aamir Riaz3Freddy Mora-Poblete4Ki-Hung Jung5Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22620, PakistanInstitute of Biological Sciences, University of Talca, 2 Norte 685, Talca 3460000, ChileDepartment of Forestry and Wildlife Management, University of Haripur, Haripur 22620, PakistanState Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, ChinaInstitute of Biological Sciences, University of Talca, 2 Norte 685, Talca 3460000, ChileGraduate School of Biotechnology & Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, KoreaA world with zero hunger is possible only through a sustainable increase in food production and distribution and the elimination of poverty. Scientific, logistical, and humanitarian approaches must be employed simultaneously to ensure food security, starting with farmers and breeders and extending to policy makers and governments. The current agricultural production system is facing the challenge of sustainably increasing grain quality and yield and enhancing resistance to biotic and abiotic stress under the intensifying pressure of climate change. Under present circumstances, conventional breeding techniques are not sufficient. Innovation in plant breeding is critical in managing agricultural challenges and achieving sustainable crop production. Novel plant breeding techniques, involving a series of developments from genome editing techniques to speed breeding and the integration of omics technology, offer relevant, versatile, cost-effective, and less time-consuming ways of achieving precision in plant breeding. Opportunities to edit agriculturally significant genes now exist as a result of new genome editing techniques. These range from random (physical and chemical mutagens) to non-random meganucleases (MegaN), zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/associated protein system 9 (CRISPR/Cas9), the CRISPR system from <i>Prevotella</i> and <i>Francisella</i>1 (Cpf1), base editing (BE), and prime editing (PE). Genome editing techniques that promote crop improvement through hybrid seed production, induced apomixis, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stress are prioritized when selecting for genetic gain in a restricted timeframe. The novel CRISPR-associated protein system 9 variants, namely BE and PE, can generate transgene-free plants with more frequency and are therefore being used for knocking out of genes of interest. We provide a comprehensive review of the evolution of genome editing technologies, especially the application of the third-generation genome editing technologies to achieve various plant breeding objectives within the regulatory regimes adopted by various countries. Future development and the optimization of forward and reverse genetics to achieve food security are evaluated.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/11/5585genome editingmutationhybrid seed productionquality improvementregulatory concernsgenetic gain |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Sajid Fiaz Sunny Ahmar Sajjad Saeed Aamir Riaz Freddy Mora-Poblete Ki-Hung Jung |
spellingShingle |
Sajid Fiaz Sunny Ahmar Sajjad Saeed Aamir Riaz Freddy Mora-Poblete Ki-Hung Jung Evolution and Application of Genome Editing Techniques for Achieving Food and Nutritional Security International Journal of Molecular Sciences genome editing mutation hybrid seed production quality improvement regulatory concerns genetic gain |
author_facet |
Sajid Fiaz Sunny Ahmar Sajjad Saeed Aamir Riaz Freddy Mora-Poblete Ki-Hung Jung |
author_sort |
Sajid Fiaz |
title |
Evolution and Application of Genome Editing Techniques for Achieving Food and Nutritional Security |
title_short |
Evolution and Application of Genome Editing Techniques for Achieving Food and Nutritional Security |
title_full |
Evolution and Application of Genome Editing Techniques for Achieving Food and Nutritional Security |
title_fullStr |
Evolution and Application of Genome Editing Techniques for Achieving Food and Nutritional Security |
title_full_unstemmed |
Evolution and Application of Genome Editing Techniques for Achieving Food and Nutritional Security |
title_sort |
evolution and application of genome editing techniques for achieving food and nutritional security |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
issn |
1661-6596 1422-0067 |
publishDate |
2021-05-01 |
description |
A world with zero hunger is possible only through a sustainable increase in food production and distribution and the elimination of poverty. Scientific, logistical, and humanitarian approaches must be employed simultaneously to ensure food security, starting with farmers and breeders and extending to policy makers and governments. The current agricultural production system is facing the challenge of sustainably increasing grain quality and yield and enhancing resistance to biotic and abiotic stress under the intensifying pressure of climate change. Under present circumstances, conventional breeding techniques are not sufficient. Innovation in plant breeding is critical in managing agricultural challenges and achieving sustainable crop production. Novel plant breeding techniques, involving a series of developments from genome editing techniques to speed breeding and the integration of omics technology, offer relevant, versatile, cost-effective, and less time-consuming ways of achieving precision in plant breeding. Opportunities to edit agriculturally significant genes now exist as a result of new genome editing techniques. These range from random (physical and chemical mutagens) to non-random meganucleases (MegaN), zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/associated protein system 9 (CRISPR/Cas9), the CRISPR system from <i>Prevotella</i> and <i>Francisella</i>1 (Cpf1), base editing (BE), and prime editing (PE). Genome editing techniques that promote crop improvement through hybrid seed production, induced apomixis, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stress are prioritized when selecting for genetic gain in a restricted timeframe. The novel CRISPR-associated protein system 9 variants, namely BE and PE, can generate transgene-free plants with more frequency and are therefore being used for knocking out of genes of interest. We provide a comprehensive review of the evolution of genome editing technologies, especially the application of the third-generation genome editing technologies to achieve various plant breeding objectives within the regulatory regimes adopted by various countries. Future development and the optimization of forward and reverse genetics to achieve food security are evaluated. |
topic |
genome editing mutation hybrid seed production quality improvement regulatory concerns genetic gain |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/11/5585 |
work_keys_str_mv |
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