Properties and Characterization of Lignin Nanoparticles Functionalized in Macroalgae Biopolymer Films
The demand for bioplastic material for industrial applications is increasing. However, moisture absorption and low mechanical strength have limited the use of bioplastic in commercial-scale applications. Macroalgae is no exception to these challenges of bioplastics. In this study, Kappaphycus alvare...
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doaj-8d673fe3b2c34f32a72ada219f7633ae2021-03-05T00:04:10ZengMDPI AGNanomaterials2079-49912021-03-011163763710.3390/nano11030637Properties and Characterization of Lignin Nanoparticles Functionalized in Macroalgae Biopolymer FilmsSamsul Rizal0Tata Alfatah1Abdul Khalil H. P. S.2E. M. Mistar3C. K. Abdullah4Funmilayo G. Olaiya5F. A. Sabaruddin6Ikramullah7Umar Muksin8Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, IndonesiaSchool of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, MalaysiaSchool of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, MalaysiaSchool of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, MalaysiaSchool of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, MalaysiaSchool of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, MalaysiaSchool of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, MalaysiaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, IndonesiaDepartment of Physics, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, IndonesiaThe demand for bioplastic material for industrial applications is increasing. However, moisture absorption and low mechanical strength have limited the use of bioplastic in commercial-scale applications. Macroalgae is no exception to these challenges of bioplastics. In this study, Kappaphycus alvarezii macroalgae were reinforced with lignin nanoparticles. Lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) were used as a filler to reduce the brittleness and hydrophilic nature of macroalgae (matrix). Lignin nanofiller was produced using a green approach from black liquor of soda pulping waste and purified. The physical, mechanical, morphological, structural, thermal, and water barrier properties of LNPs with and without the purification process in macroalgae films were studied. The bioplastic films' functional properties, such as physical, mechanical, thermal, and water barrier properties, were significantly improved by incorporating purified and unpurified LNPs. However, the purified LNPs have a greater reinforcement effect on the macroalgae than unpurified LNPs. In this study, bioplastic film with 5% purified LNPs presented the optimum enhancement on almost all the functional properties. The enhancement is attributed to high compatibility due to strong interfacial interaction between the nanofiller and matrix. The developed LNPs/macroalgae bioplastic films can provide additional benefits and solutions to various industrial applications, especially packaging material.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/11/3/637bioplasticmacroalgaelignin nanoparticlespurificationpackaging material |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Samsul Rizal Tata Alfatah Abdul Khalil H. P. S. E. M. Mistar C. K. Abdullah Funmilayo G. Olaiya F. A. Sabaruddin Ikramullah Umar Muksin |
spellingShingle |
Samsul Rizal Tata Alfatah Abdul Khalil H. P. S. E. M. Mistar C. K. Abdullah Funmilayo G. Olaiya F. A. Sabaruddin Ikramullah Umar Muksin Properties and Characterization of Lignin Nanoparticles Functionalized in Macroalgae Biopolymer Films Nanomaterials bioplastic macroalgae lignin nanoparticles purification packaging material |
author_facet |
Samsul Rizal Tata Alfatah Abdul Khalil H. P. S. E. M. Mistar C. K. Abdullah Funmilayo G. Olaiya F. A. Sabaruddin Ikramullah Umar Muksin |
author_sort |
Samsul Rizal |
title |
Properties and Characterization of Lignin Nanoparticles Functionalized in Macroalgae Biopolymer Films |
title_short |
Properties and Characterization of Lignin Nanoparticles Functionalized in Macroalgae Biopolymer Films |
title_full |
Properties and Characterization of Lignin Nanoparticles Functionalized in Macroalgae Biopolymer Films |
title_fullStr |
Properties and Characterization of Lignin Nanoparticles Functionalized in Macroalgae Biopolymer Films |
title_full_unstemmed |
Properties and Characterization of Lignin Nanoparticles Functionalized in Macroalgae Biopolymer Films |
title_sort |
properties and characterization of lignin nanoparticles functionalized in macroalgae biopolymer films |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Nanomaterials |
issn |
2079-4991 |
publishDate |
2021-03-01 |
description |
The demand for bioplastic material for industrial applications is increasing. However, moisture absorption and low mechanical strength have limited the use of bioplastic in commercial-scale applications. Macroalgae is no exception to these challenges of bioplastics. In this study, Kappaphycus alvarezii macroalgae were reinforced with lignin nanoparticles. Lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) were used as a filler to reduce the brittleness and hydrophilic nature of macroalgae (matrix). Lignin nanofiller was produced using a green approach from black liquor of soda pulping waste and purified. The physical, mechanical, morphological, structural, thermal, and water barrier properties of LNPs with and without the purification process in macroalgae films were studied. The bioplastic films' functional properties, such as physical, mechanical, thermal, and water barrier properties, were significantly improved by incorporating purified and unpurified LNPs. However, the purified LNPs have a greater reinforcement effect on the macroalgae than unpurified LNPs. In this study, bioplastic film with 5% purified LNPs presented the optimum enhancement on almost all the functional properties. The enhancement is attributed to high compatibility due to strong interfacial interaction between the nanofiller and matrix. The developed LNPs/macroalgae bioplastic films can provide additional benefits and solutions to various industrial applications, especially packaging material. |
topic |
bioplastic macroalgae lignin nanoparticles purification packaging material |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/11/3/637 |
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