Insights into the Role of Tick Salivary Protease Inhibitors during Ectoparasite–Host Crosstalk
Protease inhibitors (PIs) are ubiquitous regulatory proteins present in all kingdoms. They play crucial tasks in controlling biological processes directed by proteases which, if not tightly regulated, can damage the host organism. PIs can be classified according to their targeted proteases or their...
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doaj-8d7d490359ef45bea1dd1c7290351ecb2021-01-18T00:02:41ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672021-01-012289289210.3390/ijms22020892Insights into the Role of Tick Salivary Protease Inhibitors during Ectoparasite–Host CrosstalkMohamed Amine Jmel0Hajer Aounallah1Chaima Bensaoud2Imen Mekki3Jindřich Chmelař4Fernanda Faria5Youmna M’ghirbi6Michalis Kotsyfakis7Laboratory of Genomics and Proteomics of Disease Vectors, Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Parasitology, Branišovská 1160/31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech RepublicInstitut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, LR19IPTX, Service d’entomologie médicale, Tunis 1002, TunisiaLaboratory of Genomics and Proteomics of Disease Vectors, Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Parasitology, Branišovská 1160/31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech RepublicLaboratory of Genomics and Proteomics of Disease Vectors, Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Parasitology, Branišovská 1160/31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech RepublicFaculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech RepublicInnovation and Development Laboratory, Innovation and Development Center, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, BrazilInstitut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, LR19IPTX, Service d’entomologie médicale, Tunis 1002, TunisiaLaboratory of Genomics and Proteomics of Disease Vectors, Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Parasitology, Branišovská 1160/31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech RepublicProtease inhibitors (PIs) are ubiquitous regulatory proteins present in all kingdoms. They play crucial tasks in controlling biological processes directed by proteases which, if not tightly regulated, can damage the host organism. PIs can be classified according to their targeted proteases or their mechanism of action. The functions of many PIs have now been characterized and are showing clinical relevance for the treatment of human diseases such as arthritis, hepatitis, cancer, AIDS, and cardiovascular diseases, amongst others. Other PIs have potential use in agriculture as insecticides, anti-fungal, and antibacterial agents. PIs from tick salivary glands are special due to their pharmacological properties and their high specificity, selectivity, and affinity to their target proteases at the tick–host interface. In this review, we discuss the structure and function of PIs in general and those PI superfamilies abundant in tick salivary glands to illustrate their possible practical applications. In doing so, we describe tick salivary PIs that are showing promise as drug candidates, highlighting the most promising ones tested in vivo and which are now progressing to preclinical and clinical trials.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/2/892protease inhibitorsproteasestick salivadrug discovery |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Mohamed Amine Jmel Hajer Aounallah Chaima Bensaoud Imen Mekki Jindřich Chmelař Fernanda Faria Youmna M’ghirbi Michalis Kotsyfakis |
spellingShingle |
Mohamed Amine Jmel Hajer Aounallah Chaima Bensaoud Imen Mekki Jindřich Chmelař Fernanda Faria Youmna M’ghirbi Michalis Kotsyfakis Insights into the Role of Tick Salivary Protease Inhibitors during Ectoparasite–Host Crosstalk International Journal of Molecular Sciences protease inhibitors proteases tick saliva drug discovery |
author_facet |
Mohamed Amine Jmel Hajer Aounallah Chaima Bensaoud Imen Mekki Jindřich Chmelař Fernanda Faria Youmna M’ghirbi Michalis Kotsyfakis |
author_sort |
Mohamed Amine Jmel |
title |
Insights into the Role of Tick Salivary Protease Inhibitors during Ectoparasite–Host Crosstalk |
title_short |
Insights into the Role of Tick Salivary Protease Inhibitors during Ectoparasite–Host Crosstalk |
title_full |
Insights into the Role of Tick Salivary Protease Inhibitors during Ectoparasite–Host Crosstalk |
title_fullStr |
Insights into the Role of Tick Salivary Protease Inhibitors during Ectoparasite–Host Crosstalk |
title_full_unstemmed |
Insights into the Role of Tick Salivary Protease Inhibitors during Ectoparasite–Host Crosstalk |
title_sort |
insights into the role of tick salivary protease inhibitors during ectoparasite–host crosstalk |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
issn |
1661-6596 1422-0067 |
publishDate |
2021-01-01 |
description |
Protease inhibitors (PIs) are ubiquitous regulatory proteins present in all kingdoms. They play crucial tasks in controlling biological processes directed by proteases which, if not tightly regulated, can damage the host organism. PIs can be classified according to their targeted proteases or their mechanism of action. The functions of many PIs have now been characterized and are showing clinical relevance for the treatment of human diseases such as arthritis, hepatitis, cancer, AIDS, and cardiovascular diseases, amongst others. Other PIs have potential use in agriculture as insecticides, anti-fungal, and antibacterial agents. PIs from tick salivary glands are special due to their pharmacological properties and their high specificity, selectivity, and affinity to their target proteases at the tick–host interface. In this review, we discuss the structure and function of PIs in general and those PI superfamilies abundant in tick salivary glands to illustrate their possible practical applications. In doing so, we describe tick salivary PIs that are showing promise as drug candidates, highlighting the most promising ones tested in vivo and which are now progressing to preclinical and clinical trials. |
topic |
protease inhibitors proteases tick saliva drug discovery |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/2/892 |
work_keys_str_mv |
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