Advances, Perspectives and Potential Engineering Strategies of Light-Gated Phosphodiesterases for Optogenetic Applications
The second messengers, cyclic adenosine 3′-5′-monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine 3′-5′-monophosphate (cGMP), play important roles in many animal cells by regulating intracellular signaling pathways and modulating cell physiology. Environmental cues like temperature, light, and chemical compou...
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doaj-8dddf615adec4f05acceda9d2e2700fe2020-11-25T03:56:52ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672020-10-01217544754410.3390/ijms21207544Advances, Perspectives and Potential Engineering Strategies of Light-Gated Phosphodiesterases for Optogenetic ApplicationsYuehui Tian0Shang Yang1Shiqiang Gao2Physiological Institute, Department of Neurophysiology, University of Wuerzburg, 97070 Wuerzburg, GermanyPhysiological Institute, Department of Neurophysiology, University of Wuerzburg, 97070 Wuerzburg, GermanyPhysiological Institute, Department of Neurophysiology, University of Wuerzburg, 97070 Wuerzburg, GermanyThe second messengers, cyclic adenosine 3′-5′-monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine 3′-5′-monophosphate (cGMP), play important roles in many animal cells by regulating intracellular signaling pathways and modulating cell physiology. Environmental cues like temperature, light, and chemical compounds can stimulate cell surface receptors and trigger the generation of second messengers and the following regulations. The spread of cAMP and cGMP is further shaped by cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) for orchestration of intracellular microdomain signaling. However, localized intracellular cAMP and cGMP signaling requires further investigation. Optogenetic manipulation of cAMP and cGMP offers new opportunities for spatio-temporally precise study of their signaling mechanism. Light-gated nucleotide cyclases are well developed and applied for cAMP/cGMP manipulation. Recently discovered rhodopsin phosphodiesterase genes from protists established a new and direct biological connection between light and PDEs. Light-regulated PDEs are under development, and of demand to complete the toolkit for cAMP/cGMP manipulation. In this review, we summarize the state of the art, pros and cons of artificial and natural light-regulated PDEs, and discuss potential new strategies of developing light-gated PDEs for optogenetic manipulation.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/20/7544cyclic nucleotidesphosphodiesterases (PDEs)optogeneticscAMPcGMP |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Yuehui Tian Shang Yang Shiqiang Gao |
spellingShingle |
Yuehui Tian Shang Yang Shiqiang Gao Advances, Perspectives and Potential Engineering Strategies of Light-Gated Phosphodiesterases for Optogenetic Applications International Journal of Molecular Sciences cyclic nucleotides phosphodiesterases (PDEs) optogenetics cAMP cGMP |
author_facet |
Yuehui Tian Shang Yang Shiqiang Gao |
author_sort |
Yuehui Tian |
title |
Advances, Perspectives and Potential Engineering Strategies of Light-Gated Phosphodiesterases for Optogenetic Applications |
title_short |
Advances, Perspectives and Potential Engineering Strategies of Light-Gated Phosphodiesterases for Optogenetic Applications |
title_full |
Advances, Perspectives and Potential Engineering Strategies of Light-Gated Phosphodiesterases for Optogenetic Applications |
title_fullStr |
Advances, Perspectives and Potential Engineering Strategies of Light-Gated Phosphodiesterases for Optogenetic Applications |
title_full_unstemmed |
Advances, Perspectives and Potential Engineering Strategies of Light-Gated Phosphodiesterases for Optogenetic Applications |
title_sort |
advances, perspectives and potential engineering strategies of light-gated phosphodiesterases for optogenetic applications |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
issn |
1661-6596 1422-0067 |
publishDate |
2020-10-01 |
description |
The second messengers, cyclic adenosine 3′-5′-monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine 3′-5′-monophosphate (cGMP), play important roles in many animal cells by regulating intracellular signaling pathways and modulating cell physiology. Environmental cues like temperature, light, and chemical compounds can stimulate cell surface receptors and trigger the generation of second messengers and the following regulations. The spread of cAMP and cGMP is further shaped by cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) for orchestration of intracellular microdomain signaling. However, localized intracellular cAMP and cGMP signaling requires further investigation. Optogenetic manipulation of cAMP and cGMP offers new opportunities for spatio-temporally precise study of their signaling mechanism. Light-gated nucleotide cyclases are well developed and applied for cAMP/cGMP manipulation. Recently discovered rhodopsin phosphodiesterase genes from protists established a new and direct biological connection between light and PDEs. Light-regulated PDEs are under development, and of demand to complete the toolkit for cAMP/cGMP manipulation. In this review, we summarize the state of the art, pros and cons of artificial and natural light-regulated PDEs, and discuss potential new strategies of developing light-gated PDEs for optogenetic manipulation. |
topic |
cyclic nucleotides phosphodiesterases (PDEs) optogenetics cAMP cGMP |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/20/7544 |
work_keys_str_mv |
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