The Versatile Roles of the tRNA Epitranscriptome during Cellular Responses to Toxic Exposures and Environmental Stress
Living organisms respond to environmental changes and xenobiotic exposures by regulating gene expression. While heat shock, unfolded protein, and DNA damage stress responses are well-studied at the levels of the transcriptome and proteome, tRNA-mediated mechanisms are only recently emerging as impor...
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doaj-8e313cdad0a3457b89ee77cb6df667ae2020-11-24T21:44:27ZengMDPI AGToxics2305-63042019-03-01711710.3390/toxics7010017toxics7010017The Versatile Roles of the tRNA Epitranscriptome during Cellular Responses to Toxic Exposures and Environmental StressSabrina M. Huber0Andrea Leonardi1Peter C. Dedon2Thomas J. Begley3Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USARNA Institute, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USADepartment of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USARNA Institute, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USALiving organisms respond to environmental changes and xenobiotic exposures by regulating gene expression. While heat shock, unfolded protein, and DNA damage stress responses are well-studied at the levels of the transcriptome and proteome, tRNA-mediated mechanisms are only recently emerging as important modulators of cellular stress responses. Regulation of the stress response by tRNA shows a high functional diversity, ranging from the control of tRNA maturation and translation initiation, to translational enhancement through modification-mediated codon-biased translation of mRNAs encoding stress response proteins, and translational repression by stress-induced tRNA fragments. tRNAs need to be heavily modified post-transcriptionally for full activity, and it is becoming increasingly clear that many aspects of tRNA metabolism and function are regulated through the dynamic introduction and removal of modifications. This review will discuss the many ways that nucleoside modifications confer high functional diversity to tRNAs, with a focus on tRNA modification-mediated regulation of the eukaryotic response to environmental stress and toxicant exposures. Additionally, the potential applications of tRNA modification biology in the development of early biomarkers of pathology will be highlighted.https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/7/1/17epitranscriptomicstRNA modificationsstress response mechanismscodon-biased translation |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Sabrina M. Huber Andrea Leonardi Peter C. Dedon Thomas J. Begley |
spellingShingle |
Sabrina M. Huber Andrea Leonardi Peter C. Dedon Thomas J. Begley The Versatile Roles of the tRNA Epitranscriptome during Cellular Responses to Toxic Exposures and Environmental Stress Toxics epitranscriptomics tRNA modifications stress response mechanisms codon-biased translation |
author_facet |
Sabrina M. Huber Andrea Leonardi Peter C. Dedon Thomas J. Begley |
author_sort |
Sabrina M. Huber |
title |
The Versatile Roles of the tRNA Epitranscriptome during Cellular Responses to Toxic Exposures and Environmental Stress |
title_short |
The Versatile Roles of the tRNA Epitranscriptome during Cellular Responses to Toxic Exposures and Environmental Stress |
title_full |
The Versatile Roles of the tRNA Epitranscriptome during Cellular Responses to Toxic Exposures and Environmental Stress |
title_fullStr |
The Versatile Roles of the tRNA Epitranscriptome during Cellular Responses to Toxic Exposures and Environmental Stress |
title_full_unstemmed |
The Versatile Roles of the tRNA Epitranscriptome during Cellular Responses to Toxic Exposures and Environmental Stress |
title_sort |
versatile roles of the trna epitranscriptome during cellular responses to toxic exposures and environmental stress |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Toxics |
issn |
2305-6304 |
publishDate |
2019-03-01 |
description |
Living organisms respond to environmental changes and xenobiotic exposures by regulating gene expression. While heat shock, unfolded protein, and DNA damage stress responses are well-studied at the levels of the transcriptome and proteome, tRNA-mediated mechanisms are only recently emerging as important modulators of cellular stress responses. Regulation of the stress response by tRNA shows a high functional diversity, ranging from the control of tRNA maturation and translation initiation, to translational enhancement through modification-mediated codon-biased translation of mRNAs encoding stress response proteins, and translational repression by stress-induced tRNA fragments. tRNAs need to be heavily modified post-transcriptionally for full activity, and it is becoming increasingly clear that many aspects of tRNA metabolism and function are regulated through the dynamic introduction and removal of modifications. This review will discuss the many ways that nucleoside modifications confer high functional diversity to tRNAs, with a focus on tRNA modification-mediated regulation of the eukaryotic response to environmental stress and toxicant exposures. Additionally, the potential applications of tRNA modification biology in the development of early biomarkers of pathology will be highlighted. |
topic |
epitranscriptomics tRNA modifications stress response mechanisms codon-biased translation |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/7/1/17 |
work_keys_str_mv |
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