Phenolic Phytoalexins in Rice: Biological Functions and Biosynthesis
Phytoalexins are inducible secondary metabolites possessing antimicrobial activity against phytopathogens. Rice produces a wide array of phytoalexins in response to pathogen attacks and environmental stresses. With few exceptions, most phytoalexins identified in rice are diterpenoid compounds. Until...
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doaj-8f70c4a6473b447c880954d34025b8802020-11-25T00:59:56ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1422-00672015-12-011612291202913310.3390/ijms161226152ijms161226152Phenolic Phytoalexins in Rice: Biological Functions and BiosynthesisMan-Ho Cho0Sang-Won Lee1Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, KoreaGraduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, KoreaPhytoalexins are inducible secondary metabolites possessing antimicrobial activity against phytopathogens. Rice produces a wide array of phytoalexins in response to pathogen attacks and environmental stresses. With few exceptions, most phytoalexins identified in rice are diterpenoid compounds. Until very recently, flavonoid sakuranetin was the only known phenolic phytoalexin in rice. However, recent studies have shown that phenylamides are involved in defense against pathogen attacks in rice. Phenylamides are amine-conjugated phenolic acids that are induced by pathogen infections and abiotic stresses including ultra violet (UV) radiation in rice. Stress-induced phenylamides, such as N-trans-cinnamoyltryptamine, N-p-coumaroylserotonin and N-cinnamoyltyramine, have been reported to possess antimicrobial activities against rice bacterial and fungal pathogens, an indication of their direct inhibitory roles against invading pathogens. This finding suggests that phenylamides act as phytoalexins in rice and belong to phenolic phytoalexins along with sakuranetin. Phenylamides also have been implicated in cell wall reinforcement for disease resistance and allelopathy of rice. Synthesis of phenolic phytoalexins is stimulated by phytopathogen attacks and abiotic challenges including UV radiation. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that biosynthetic pathways including the shikimate, phenylpropanoid and arylmonoamine pathways are coordinately activated for phenolic phytoalexin synthesis, and related genes are induced by biotic and abiotic stresses in rice.http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/16/12/26152biotic/abiotic stressphenolic phytoalexinsphenylamideplant defense mechanismricesakuranetin |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Man-Ho Cho Sang-Won Lee |
spellingShingle |
Man-Ho Cho Sang-Won Lee Phenolic Phytoalexins in Rice: Biological Functions and Biosynthesis International Journal of Molecular Sciences biotic/abiotic stress phenolic phytoalexins phenylamide plant defense mechanism rice sakuranetin |
author_facet |
Man-Ho Cho Sang-Won Lee |
author_sort |
Man-Ho Cho |
title |
Phenolic Phytoalexins in Rice: Biological Functions and Biosynthesis |
title_short |
Phenolic Phytoalexins in Rice: Biological Functions and Biosynthesis |
title_full |
Phenolic Phytoalexins in Rice: Biological Functions and Biosynthesis |
title_fullStr |
Phenolic Phytoalexins in Rice: Biological Functions and Biosynthesis |
title_full_unstemmed |
Phenolic Phytoalexins in Rice: Biological Functions and Biosynthesis |
title_sort |
phenolic phytoalexins in rice: biological functions and biosynthesis |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
issn |
1422-0067 |
publishDate |
2015-12-01 |
description |
Phytoalexins are inducible secondary metabolites possessing antimicrobial activity against phytopathogens. Rice produces a wide array of phytoalexins in response to pathogen attacks and environmental stresses. With few exceptions, most phytoalexins identified in rice are diterpenoid compounds. Until very recently, flavonoid sakuranetin was the only known phenolic phytoalexin in rice. However, recent studies have shown that phenylamides are involved in defense against pathogen attacks in rice. Phenylamides are amine-conjugated phenolic acids that are induced by pathogen infections and abiotic stresses including ultra violet (UV) radiation in rice. Stress-induced phenylamides, such as N-trans-cinnamoyltryptamine, N-p-coumaroylserotonin and N-cinnamoyltyramine, have been reported to possess antimicrobial activities against rice bacterial and fungal pathogens, an indication of their direct inhibitory roles against invading pathogens. This finding suggests that phenylamides act as phytoalexins in rice and belong to phenolic phytoalexins along with sakuranetin. Phenylamides also have been implicated in cell wall reinforcement for disease resistance and allelopathy of rice. Synthesis of phenolic phytoalexins is stimulated by phytopathogen attacks and abiotic challenges including UV radiation. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that biosynthetic pathways including the shikimate, phenylpropanoid and arylmonoamine pathways are coordinately activated for phenolic phytoalexin synthesis, and related genes are induced by biotic and abiotic stresses in rice. |
topic |
biotic/abiotic stress phenolic phytoalexins phenylamide plant defense mechanism rice sakuranetin |
url |
http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/16/12/26152 |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT manhocho phenolicphytoalexinsinricebiologicalfunctionsandbiosynthesis AT sangwonlee phenolicphytoalexinsinricebiologicalfunctionsandbiosynthesis |
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