Rice Cultivation without Synthetic Fertilizers and Performance of Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) under Continuous Irrigation with Treated Wastewater
To obtain a high rice yield and quality for animal feed without synthetic fertilizers, an experiment with bench-scale apparatus was conducted by applying continuous irrigation with treated municipal wastewater (TWW). Uniform rice seedlings of a high-yield variety (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.,...
Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
---|---|
Format: | Article |
Language: | English |
Published: |
MDPI AG
2019-07-01
|
Series: | Water |
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/11/7/1516 |
id |
doaj-905deff5927c4795aabad7415af480e3 |
---|---|
record_format |
Article |
spelling |
doaj-905deff5927c4795aabad7415af480e32020-11-24T21:24:23ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412019-07-01117151610.3390/w11071516w11071516Rice Cultivation without Synthetic Fertilizers and Performance of Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) under Continuous Irrigation with Treated WastewaterDong Duy Pham0Kei Cai1Luc Duc Phung2Nobuo Kaku3Atsushi Sasaki4Yuka Sasaki5Kenichi Horiguchi6Dung Viet Pham7Toru Watanabe8Faculty of Environmental Engineering, National University of Civil Engineering, 55 Giai Phong Street, Hai Ba Trung District, Hanoi 100803, VietnamFaculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, 1-23 Wakaba-machi, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, JapanThe United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, JapanFaculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, 1-23 Wakaba-machi, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, JapanFaculty of Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, JapanFaculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, 1-23 Wakaba-machi, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, JapanFaculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, 1-23 Wakaba-machi, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, JapanFaculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, 1-23 Wakaba-machi, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, JapanFaculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, 1-23 Wakaba-machi, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, JapanTo obtain a high rice yield and quality for animal feed without synthetic fertilizers, an experiment with bench-scale apparatus was conducted by applying continuous irrigation with treated municipal wastewater (TWW). Uniform rice seedlings of a high-yield variety (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L., cv. Bekoaoba) were transplanted in five treatments to examine different TWW irrigation directions (“bottom-to-top” and “top-to-top” irrigation) and fertilization practices (with and without P-synthetic fertilizers) as well as one control that simulated the irrigation and fertilization management of normal paddy fields. The highest rice yield (14.1 t ha<sup>−1</sup>), shoot dry mass (12.9 t ha<sup>−1</sup>), and protein content in brown rice (14.6%) were achieved using bottom-to-top irrigation, although synthetic fertilizers were not applied. In addition, this subsurface irrigation system could contribute to environmental protection by removing 85−90% of nitrogen from TWW more effectively than the top-to-top irrigation, which showed a removal efficiency of approximately 63%. No accumulation of heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni, Pb, Cr, and As) in the paddy soils was observed after TWW irrigation for five months, and the contents of these metals in the harvested brown rice were lower than the permissible limits recommended by international standards. A microbial fuel cell system (MFC) was installed in the cultivation system using graphite-felt electrodes to test the capacity of electricity generation; however, the electricity output was much lower than that reported in normal paddy fields. Bottom-to-top irrigation with TWW can be considered a potential practice to meet both water and nutrient demand for rice cultivation in order to achieve a very high yield and nutritional quality of cultivated rice without necessitating the application of synthetic fertilizers.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/11/7/1516continuous irrigationbottom-to-top irrigationnutritional quality of ricerice for animal feedingsynthetic fertilizersmicrobial fuel cell (MFC) |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Dong Duy Pham Kei Cai Luc Duc Phung Nobuo Kaku Atsushi Sasaki Yuka Sasaki Kenichi Horiguchi Dung Viet Pham Toru Watanabe |
spellingShingle |
Dong Duy Pham Kei Cai Luc Duc Phung Nobuo Kaku Atsushi Sasaki Yuka Sasaki Kenichi Horiguchi Dung Viet Pham Toru Watanabe Rice Cultivation without Synthetic Fertilizers and Performance of Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) under Continuous Irrigation with Treated Wastewater Water continuous irrigation bottom-to-top irrigation nutritional quality of rice rice for animal feeding synthetic fertilizers microbial fuel cell (MFC) |
author_facet |
Dong Duy Pham Kei Cai Luc Duc Phung Nobuo Kaku Atsushi Sasaki Yuka Sasaki Kenichi Horiguchi Dung Viet Pham Toru Watanabe |
author_sort |
Dong Duy Pham |
title |
Rice Cultivation without Synthetic Fertilizers and Performance of Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) under Continuous Irrigation with Treated Wastewater |
title_short |
Rice Cultivation without Synthetic Fertilizers and Performance of Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) under Continuous Irrigation with Treated Wastewater |
title_full |
Rice Cultivation without Synthetic Fertilizers and Performance of Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) under Continuous Irrigation with Treated Wastewater |
title_fullStr |
Rice Cultivation without Synthetic Fertilizers and Performance of Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) under Continuous Irrigation with Treated Wastewater |
title_full_unstemmed |
Rice Cultivation without Synthetic Fertilizers and Performance of Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) under Continuous Irrigation with Treated Wastewater |
title_sort |
rice cultivation without synthetic fertilizers and performance of microbial fuel cells (mfcs) under continuous irrigation with treated wastewater |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Water |
issn |
2073-4441 |
publishDate |
2019-07-01 |
description |
To obtain a high rice yield and quality for animal feed without synthetic fertilizers, an experiment with bench-scale apparatus was conducted by applying continuous irrigation with treated municipal wastewater (TWW). Uniform rice seedlings of a high-yield variety (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L., cv. Bekoaoba) were transplanted in five treatments to examine different TWW irrigation directions (“bottom-to-top” and “top-to-top” irrigation) and fertilization practices (with and without P-synthetic fertilizers) as well as one control that simulated the irrigation and fertilization management of normal paddy fields. The highest rice yield (14.1 t ha<sup>−1</sup>), shoot dry mass (12.9 t ha<sup>−1</sup>), and protein content in brown rice (14.6%) were achieved using bottom-to-top irrigation, although synthetic fertilizers were not applied. In addition, this subsurface irrigation system could contribute to environmental protection by removing 85−90% of nitrogen from TWW more effectively than the top-to-top irrigation, which showed a removal efficiency of approximately 63%. No accumulation of heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni, Pb, Cr, and As) in the paddy soils was observed after TWW irrigation for five months, and the contents of these metals in the harvested brown rice were lower than the permissible limits recommended by international standards. A microbial fuel cell system (MFC) was installed in the cultivation system using graphite-felt electrodes to test the capacity of electricity generation; however, the electricity output was much lower than that reported in normal paddy fields. Bottom-to-top irrigation with TWW can be considered a potential practice to meet both water and nutrient demand for rice cultivation in order to achieve a very high yield and nutritional quality of cultivated rice without necessitating the application of synthetic fertilizers. |
topic |
continuous irrigation bottom-to-top irrigation nutritional quality of rice rice for animal feeding synthetic fertilizers microbial fuel cell (MFC) |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/11/7/1516 |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT dongduypham ricecultivationwithoutsyntheticfertilizersandperformanceofmicrobialfuelcellsmfcsundercontinuousirrigationwithtreatedwastewater AT keicai ricecultivationwithoutsyntheticfertilizersandperformanceofmicrobialfuelcellsmfcsundercontinuousirrigationwithtreatedwastewater AT lucducphung ricecultivationwithoutsyntheticfertilizersandperformanceofmicrobialfuelcellsmfcsundercontinuousirrigationwithtreatedwastewater AT nobuokaku ricecultivationwithoutsyntheticfertilizersandperformanceofmicrobialfuelcellsmfcsundercontinuousirrigationwithtreatedwastewater AT atsushisasaki ricecultivationwithoutsyntheticfertilizersandperformanceofmicrobialfuelcellsmfcsundercontinuousirrigationwithtreatedwastewater AT yukasasaki ricecultivationwithoutsyntheticfertilizersandperformanceofmicrobialfuelcellsmfcsundercontinuousirrigationwithtreatedwastewater AT kenichihoriguchi ricecultivationwithoutsyntheticfertilizersandperformanceofmicrobialfuelcellsmfcsundercontinuousirrigationwithtreatedwastewater AT dungvietpham ricecultivationwithoutsyntheticfertilizersandperformanceofmicrobialfuelcellsmfcsundercontinuousirrigationwithtreatedwastewater AT toruwatanabe ricecultivationwithoutsyntheticfertilizersandperformanceofmicrobialfuelcellsmfcsundercontinuousirrigationwithtreatedwastewater |
_version_ |
1725988611523870720 |