Ultrasonographic assessment of normal jugular veins in Standardbred horses
Abstract Background Ultrasonography (US) is the recommended imaging technique to evaluate jugular veins. This prospective randomized clinical study was designed to collect a series of B-mode US measurements of manually distended jugular veins in healthy Italian Standardbreds and to find possible cor...
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doaj-906df01c737b4019b1e2b1308d1dfaa72020-11-25T01:40:32ZengBMCBMC Veterinary Research1746-61482019-10-011511910.1186/s12917-019-2104-5Ultrasonographic assessment of normal jugular veins in Standardbred horsesMaria Pia Pasolini0Giuseppe Spinella1Chiara Del Prete2Simona Valentini3Pierpaolo Coluccia4Luigi Auletta5Michele Greco6Leonardo Meomartino7Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico IIDepartment of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University Alma Mater of BolognaDepartment of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico IIDepartment of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University Alma Mater of BolognaDepartment of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico IIIRCCS SDNClevedale Veterinary Practice, Home FarmInterdepartmental Radiology Centre, University of Naples Federico IIAbstract Background Ultrasonography (US) is the recommended imaging technique to evaluate jugular veins. This prospective randomized clinical study was designed to collect a series of B-mode US measurements of manually distended jugular veins in healthy Italian Standardbreds and to find possible correlations between ultrasound measurements and animal morphometric characteristics. Forty-two horses, eight males and 34 females (range 3–22 years; bodyweight 494.4 ± 41.7 kg), were included in the study. The diameters and wall thicknesses of both jugular veins were measured at three different sites of the neck. The differences in ultrasound measurements based on scans, age, gender, side, and site of the neck were evaluated by ANOVA or by the Kruskal-Wallis test. The effects of the morphometric measures on each ultrasound parameter were evaluated by MANOVA (P < 0.05). Results The ultrasound measurements did not differ significantly between the three different sites or between genders; hence, they were pooled together in the results. On the transverse scan, the mean dorsoventral and lateromedial diameters were 1.58 ± 0.23 and 2.20 ± 0.25 cm, respectively; the mean superficial and deep wall thicknesses (SWT and DWT) were 0.07 ± 0.01 and 0.08 ± 0.01 cm, respectively. On the longitudinal scan, the mean dorsoventral diameter was 1.59 ± 0.26 cm, and the SWT and DWT were both 0.08 ± 0.01 cm. Neck length, from the caudal edge of the mandible to the thoracic inlet, was related to the dorsoventral diameter in both longitudinal and transverse scan and to the SWT and DWT in transverse scan, whereas height at the withers (measured with tape) and estimated weight were related to the wall thickness. Dividing the subjects into groups by age in years (“young” 3–7, “mature” 8–14, “old” > 14), differences were found for the lateromedial diameter in the transverse scan and the SWT on the longitudinal scan. The main limitation of this study was that only one operator performed the measurements. Conclusion The US measurements of the jugular veins and their relationship with morphometric measures reported in this manuscript might be considered as guidelines both for early diagnosis and monitoring jugular vein abnormalities in healthy Italian Standardbred horses.http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12917-019-2104-5EquineItalian StandardbredJugular veinsPhlebitisUltrasonographyVenous wall thickness |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Maria Pia Pasolini Giuseppe Spinella Chiara Del Prete Simona Valentini Pierpaolo Coluccia Luigi Auletta Michele Greco Leonardo Meomartino |
spellingShingle |
Maria Pia Pasolini Giuseppe Spinella Chiara Del Prete Simona Valentini Pierpaolo Coluccia Luigi Auletta Michele Greco Leonardo Meomartino Ultrasonographic assessment of normal jugular veins in Standardbred horses BMC Veterinary Research Equine Italian Standardbred Jugular veins Phlebitis Ultrasonography Venous wall thickness |
author_facet |
Maria Pia Pasolini Giuseppe Spinella Chiara Del Prete Simona Valentini Pierpaolo Coluccia Luigi Auletta Michele Greco Leonardo Meomartino |
author_sort |
Maria Pia Pasolini |
title |
Ultrasonographic assessment of normal jugular veins in Standardbred horses |
title_short |
Ultrasonographic assessment of normal jugular veins in Standardbred horses |
title_full |
Ultrasonographic assessment of normal jugular veins in Standardbred horses |
title_fullStr |
Ultrasonographic assessment of normal jugular veins in Standardbred horses |
title_full_unstemmed |
Ultrasonographic assessment of normal jugular veins in Standardbred horses |
title_sort |
ultrasonographic assessment of normal jugular veins in standardbred horses |
publisher |
BMC |
series |
BMC Veterinary Research |
issn |
1746-6148 |
publishDate |
2019-10-01 |
description |
Abstract Background Ultrasonography (US) is the recommended imaging technique to evaluate jugular veins. This prospective randomized clinical study was designed to collect a series of B-mode US measurements of manually distended jugular veins in healthy Italian Standardbreds and to find possible correlations between ultrasound measurements and animal morphometric characteristics. Forty-two horses, eight males and 34 females (range 3–22 years; bodyweight 494.4 ± 41.7 kg), were included in the study. The diameters and wall thicknesses of both jugular veins were measured at three different sites of the neck. The differences in ultrasound measurements based on scans, age, gender, side, and site of the neck were evaluated by ANOVA or by the Kruskal-Wallis test. The effects of the morphometric measures on each ultrasound parameter were evaluated by MANOVA (P < 0.05). Results The ultrasound measurements did not differ significantly between the three different sites or between genders; hence, they were pooled together in the results. On the transverse scan, the mean dorsoventral and lateromedial diameters were 1.58 ± 0.23 and 2.20 ± 0.25 cm, respectively; the mean superficial and deep wall thicknesses (SWT and DWT) were 0.07 ± 0.01 and 0.08 ± 0.01 cm, respectively. On the longitudinal scan, the mean dorsoventral diameter was 1.59 ± 0.26 cm, and the SWT and DWT were both 0.08 ± 0.01 cm. Neck length, from the caudal edge of the mandible to the thoracic inlet, was related to the dorsoventral diameter in both longitudinal and transverse scan and to the SWT and DWT in transverse scan, whereas height at the withers (measured with tape) and estimated weight were related to the wall thickness. Dividing the subjects into groups by age in years (“young” 3–7, “mature” 8–14, “old” > 14), differences were found for the lateromedial diameter in the transverse scan and the SWT on the longitudinal scan. The main limitation of this study was that only one operator performed the measurements. Conclusion The US measurements of the jugular veins and their relationship with morphometric measures reported in this manuscript might be considered as guidelines both for early diagnosis and monitoring jugular vein abnormalities in healthy Italian Standardbred horses. |
topic |
Equine Italian Standardbred Jugular veins Phlebitis Ultrasonography Venous wall thickness |
url |
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12917-019-2104-5 |
work_keys_str_mv |
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