Bisphenol A, Bisphenol F, and Bisphenol S: The Bad and the Ugly. Where Is the Good?
Background: Bisphenol A (BPA), a reprotoxic and endocrine-disrupting chemical, has been substituted by alternative bisphenols such as bisphenol F (BPF) and bisphenol S (BPS) in the plastic industry. Despite their detection in placenta and amniotic fluids, the effects of bisphenols on human placental...
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doaj-9150d791e10641faafeb3c330a4b18072021-04-03T23:00:53ZengMDPI AGLife2075-17292021-04-011131431410.3390/life11040314Bisphenol A, Bisphenol F, and Bisphenol S: The Bad and the Ugly. Where Is the Good?Sophie Fouyet0Elodie Olivier1Pascale Leproux2Mélody Dutot3Patrice Rat4UMR CNRS 8038, Laboratoire de Chimie-Toxicologie Analytique et Cellulaire, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, FranceUMR CNRS 8038, Laboratoire de Chimie-Toxicologie Analytique et Cellulaire, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, FranceUMR CNRS 8038, Laboratoire de Chimie-Toxicologie Analytique et Cellulaire, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, FranceUMR CNRS 8038, Laboratoire de Chimie-Toxicologie Analytique et Cellulaire, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, FranceUMR CNRS 8038, Laboratoire de Chimie-Toxicologie Analytique et Cellulaire, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, FranceBackground: Bisphenol A (BPA), a reprotoxic and endocrine-disrupting chemical, has been substituted by alternative bisphenols such as bisphenol F (BPF) and bisphenol S (BPS) in the plastic industry. Despite their detection in placenta and amniotic fluids, the effects of bisphenols on human placental cells have not been characterized. Our objective was to explore in vitro and to compare the toxicity of BPA to its substitutes BPF and BPS to highlight their potential risks for placenta and then pregnancy. Methods: Human placenta cells (JEG-Tox cells) were incubated with BPA, BPF, and BPS for 72 h. Cell viability, cell death, and degenerative P2X7 receptor and caspases activation, and chromatin condensation were assessed using microplate cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. Results: Incubation with BPA, BPF, or BPS was associated with P2X7 receptor activation and chromatin condensation. BPA and BPF induced more caspase-1, caspase-9, and caspase-3 activation than BPS. Only BPF enhanced caspase-8 activity. Conclusions: BPA, BPF, and BPS are all toxic to human placental cells, with the P2X7 receptor being a common key element. BPA substitution by BPF and BPS does not appear to be a safe alternative for human health, particularly for pregnant women and their fetuses.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/11/4/314human placental toxicitybisphenol Abisphenol Fbisphenol SP2X7 receptorinflammasome |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Sophie Fouyet Elodie Olivier Pascale Leproux Mélody Dutot Patrice Rat |
spellingShingle |
Sophie Fouyet Elodie Olivier Pascale Leproux Mélody Dutot Patrice Rat Bisphenol A, Bisphenol F, and Bisphenol S: The Bad and the Ugly. Where Is the Good? Life human placental toxicity bisphenol A bisphenol F bisphenol S P2X7 receptor inflammasome |
author_facet |
Sophie Fouyet Elodie Olivier Pascale Leproux Mélody Dutot Patrice Rat |
author_sort |
Sophie Fouyet |
title |
Bisphenol A, Bisphenol F, and Bisphenol S: The Bad and the Ugly. Where Is the Good? |
title_short |
Bisphenol A, Bisphenol F, and Bisphenol S: The Bad and the Ugly. Where Is the Good? |
title_full |
Bisphenol A, Bisphenol F, and Bisphenol S: The Bad and the Ugly. Where Is the Good? |
title_fullStr |
Bisphenol A, Bisphenol F, and Bisphenol S: The Bad and the Ugly. Where Is the Good? |
title_full_unstemmed |
Bisphenol A, Bisphenol F, and Bisphenol S: The Bad and the Ugly. Where Is the Good? |
title_sort |
bisphenol a, bisphenol f, and bisphenol s: the bad and the ugly. where is the good? |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Life |
issn |
2075-1729 |
publishDate |
2021-04-01 |
description |
Background: Bisphenol A (BPA), a reprotoxic and endocrine-disrupting chemical, has been substituted by alternative bisphenols such as bisphenol F (BPF) and bisphenol S (BPS) in the plastic industry. Despite their detection in placenta and amniotic fluids, the effects of bisphenols on human placental cells have not been characterized. Our objective was to explore in vitro and to compare the toxicity of BPA to its substitutes BPF and BPS to highlight their potential risks for placenta and then pregnancy. Methods: Human placenta cells (JEG-Tox cells) were incubated with BPA, BPF, and BPS for 72 h. Cell viability, cell death, and degenerative P2X7 receptor and caspases activation, and chromatin condensation were assessed using microplate cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. Results: Incubation with BPA, BPF, or BPS was associated with P2X7 receptor activation and chromatin condensation. BPA and BPF induced more caspase-1, caspase-9, and caspase-3 activation than BPS. Only BPF enhanced caspase-8 activity. Conclusions: BPA, BPF, and BPS are all toxic to human placental cells, with the P2X7 receptor being a common key element. BPA substitution by BPF and BPS does not appear to be a safe alternative for human health, particularly for pregnant women and their fetuses. |
topic |
human placental toxicity bisphenol A bisphenol F bisphenol S P2X7 receptor inflammasome |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/11/4/314 |
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