Preparation and Characterisation of Activated Carbon from Palm Mixed Waste Treated with Trona Ore
This study explores the use of a novel activating agent and demonstrates the production and characterisation of activated carbon (AC) from a combine palm waste (CPW) in 3:2:1 proportion by weight of empty fruit bunch, mesocarp fibre and palm kernel shell. The resulting biomass was processed by a mic...
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doaj-9184a9083a1d470cb52978dd4bdce2342020-11-25T04:03:25ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492020-10-01255028502810.3390/molecules25215028Preparation and Characterisation of Activated Carbon from Palm Mixed Waste Treated with Trona OreKalu Samuel Ukanwa0Kumar Patchigolla1Ruben Sakrabani2Edward Anthony3Centre for Thermal Energy and Materials, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UKCentre for Thermal Energy and Materials, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UKCranfield Soil and Agrifood Institute, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UKCentre for Thermal Energy and Materials, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UKThis study explores the use of a novel activating agent and demonstrates the production and characterisation of activated carbon (AC) from a combine palm waste (CPW) in 3:2:1 proportion by weight of empty fruit bunch, mesocarp fibre and palm kernel shell. The resulting biomass was processed by a microwave-assisted method using trona and compared with material produced by conventional routes. These results demonstrate the potential of trona ore as an activating agent and the effectiveness of using a combined palm waste for a single stream activation process. It also assesses the effectiveness of trona ore in the elimination of alcohol, acids and aldehydes; with a focus on increasing the hydrophilicity of the resultant AC. The optimum results for the conventional production technique at 800 °C yielded a material with S<sub>BET</sub> 920 m<sup>2</sup>/g, V<sub>total</sub> 0.840 cm<sup>3</sup>/g, a mean pore diameter of 2.2 nm and an AC yield 40%. The optimum outcome of the microwave assisted technique for CPW was achieved at 600 W, S<sub>BET</sub> is 980 m<sup>2</sup>/g; V<sub>total</sub> 0.865 cm<sup>3</sup>/g; a mean pore diameter 2.2 nm and an AC yield of 42%. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry analyses showed that palm waste can be combined to produce AC and that trona ore has the capacity to significantly enhance biomass activation.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/21/5028activated carbonactivating agentagricultural residuesmicrowave activationoil palm wastetrona ore |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Kalu Samuel Ukanwa Kumar Patchigolla Ruben Sakrabani Edward Anthony |
spellingShingle |
Kalu Samuel Ukanwa Kumar Patchigolla Ruben Sakrabani Edward Anthony Preparation and Characterisation of Activated Carbon from Palm Mixed Waste Treated with Trona Ore Molecules activated carbon activating agent agricultural residues microwave activation oil palm waste trona ore |
author_facet |
Kalu Samuel Ukanwa Kumar Patchigolla Ruben Sakrabani Edward Anthony |
author_sort |
Kalu Samuel Ukanwa |
title |
Preparation and Characterisation of Activated Carbon from Palm Mixed Waste Treated with Trona Ore |
title_short |
Preparation and Characterisation of Activated Carbon from Palm Mixed Waste Treated with Trona Ore |
title_full |
Preparation and Characterisation of Activated Carbon from Palm Mixed Waste Treated with Trona Ore |
title_fullStr |
Preparation and Characterisation of Activated Carbon from Palm Mixed Waste Treated with Trona Ore |
title_full_unstemmed |
Preparation and Characterisation of Activated Carbon from Palm Mixed Waste Treated with Trona Ore |
title_sort |
preparation and characterisation of activated carbon from palm mixed waste treated with trona ore |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Molecules |
issn |
1420-3049 |
publishDate |
2020-10-01 |
description |
This study explores the use of a novel activating agent and demonstrates the production and characterisation of activated carbon (AC) from a combine palm waste (CPW) in 3:2:1 proportion by weight of empty fruit bunch, mesocarp fibre and palm kernel shell. The resulting biomass was processed by a microwave-assisted method using trona and compared with material produced by conventional routes. These results demonstrate the potential of trona ore as an activating agent and the effectiveness of using a combined palm waste for a single stream activation process. It also assesses the effectiveness of trona ore in the elimination of alcohol, acids and aldehydes; with a focus on increasing the hydrophilicity of the resultant AC. The optimum results for the conventional production technique at 800 °C yielded a material with S<sub>BET</sub> 920 m<sup>2</sup>/g, V<sub>total</sub> 0.840 cm<sup>3</sup>/g, a mean pore diameter of 2.2 nm and an AC yield 40%. The optimum outcome of the microwave assisted technique for CPW was achieved at 600 W, S<sub>BET</sub> is 980 m<sup>2</sup>/g; V<sub>total</sub> 0.865 cm<sup>3</sup>/g; a mean pore diameter 2.2 nm and an AC yield of 42%. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry analyses showed that palm waste can be combined to produce AC and that trona ore has the capacity to significantly enhance biomass activation. |
topic |
activated carbon activating agent agricultural residues microwave activation oil palm waste trona ore |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/21/5028 |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT kalusamuelukanwa preparationandcharacterisationofactivatedcarbonfrompalmmixedwastetreatedwithtronaore AT kumarpatchigolla preparationandcharacterisationofactivatedcarbonfrompalmmixedwastetreatedwithtronaore AT rubensakrabani preparationandcharacterisationofactivatedcarbonfrompalmmixedwastetreatedwithtronaore AT edwardanthony preparationandcharacterisationofactivatedcarbonfrompalmmixedwastetreatedwithtronaore |
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1724440104962883584 |