Accumulation and Elimination of Tetrodotoxin in the Pufferfish <i>Takifugu obscurus </i>by Dietary Administration of the Wild Toxic Gastropod<i> Nassarius semiplicata</i>

• Main Authors: Xiaojun Zhang, Jingjing Zong, Si Chen, Menglong Li, Yibo Lu, Ruirui Wang, Hanxiang Xu
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: MDPI AG 2020-04-01
• Series: Toxins
• Subjects: tetrodotoxin; <i>Takifugu obscurus</i>; accumulation; elimination; <i>Nassarius semiplicata</i>
• Online Access: https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/12/5/278

To investigate pufferfish accumulation, elimination, and distribution of tetrodotoxin (TTX), <i>Takifugu obscurus</i> was fed with wild TTX-containing gastropod<i> Nassarius semiplicata</i> to simulate the natural food chain. Three-month-old non-poisonous <i>T. obscurus</i> was fed with wild toxic <i>N. semiplicata</i> at three exposure dose for 28 days, and later, with toxin-free food until day 67. Three fish individuals from each treatment were sampled, and the distribution of TTX in different tissues was measured. The results showed that the accumulation ratio of TTX in the three exposure dose groups ranged from 35.76% to 40.20%. The accumulation ratio in the skin and liver was the highest amongst all tissues, accounting for more than 85% of the total TTX, whereas that in the kidney and gallbladder was the lowest (0.11%–0.78%). Studies on the kinetic of TTX accumulation and elimination revealed that the skin was the tissue with the highest accumulation speed constant (8.06), while the liver, kidney, and intestinal tract showed the highest speed of TTX elimination. The time required for TTX reduction to reach the safety limit could be predicted by using standard elimination equations. Qualitative analysis by UPLC-MS/MS revealed the occurrence of seven TTX derivatives in <i>T. obscurus</i>; of these TTX, 5-deoxy TTX, 11-deoxy TTX, 4,9-anhydro TTX were found in all tested tissues.