Water and Food Nexus: Role of Socio-Economic Status on Water–Food Nexus in an Urban Agglomeration Hyderabad, India using Consumption Water Footprint
Cities are complex and evolving systems with various factors playing key roles, e.g., population increase, the migration of population, the availability of resources, and the flexibility of policies. Consumers' socioeconomic status is also an important aspect that needs to be studied in the con...
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doaj-9343ecd274694c3ebd1a570bfa88bc312021-02-28T00:04:15ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412021-02-011363763710.3390/w13050637Water and Food Nexus: Role of Socio-Economic Status on Water–Food Nexus in an Urban Agglomeration Hyderabad, India using Consumption Water FootprintKoteswara Rao. D.0Satish K. Regonda1Chandrasekharam Dornadula2Department of Civil Engineering, Water Resources Division, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Sangareddy, Kandi village, Telangana 502285, IndiaDepartment of Civil Engineering, Water Resources Division, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Sangareddy, Kandi village, Telangana 502285, IndiaDepartment of Civil Engineering, Water Resources Division, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Sangareddy, Kandi village, Telangana 502285, IndiaCities are complex and evolving systems with various factors playing key roles, e.g., population increase, the migration of population, the availability of resources, and the flexibility of policies. Consumers' socioeconomic status is also an important aspect that needs to be studied in the context of a self-reliant urban city in its resource consumption. In this regard, the association between water–food and socio-economic attributes was analyzed based on the consumer-centric approach for the Hyderabad Metro Development Authority (HMDA) region, India. In this study, the embedded water content in food consumption was estimated and analyzed for nine food groups and twelve economic classes of the HMDA region. The middle economic classes were found to correspond to ~80% of embedded water content in the HMDA region, followed by the upper and lower economic classes. Except for cereals, per capita, the water consumption of all food groups increased with the spending power of the economic class. The green, blue, and grey consumption water footprints (WFs) suggested that much of the water that is being consumed in the HMDA region is precipitation-driven, followed by surface and groundwater resources. Limited water resources, water resource variability, climate change consequences including future climate projections, uncertainty in data, WF estimates, and region’s future growth imply a detailed study in drafting policies to become a self-reliant region.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/5/637embedded water contentwater footprintwater–food nexussocio-economic statusfood consumptionvirtual water |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Koteswara Rao. D. Satish K. Regonda Chandrasekharam Dornadula |
spellingShingle |
Koteswara Rao. D. Satish K. Regonda Chandrasekharam Dornadula Water and Food Nexus: Role of Socio-Economic Status on Water–Food Nexus in an Urban Agglomeration Hyderabad, India using Consumption Water Footprint Water embedded water content water footprint water–food nexus socio-economic status food consumption virtual water |
author_facet |
Koteswara Rao. D. Satish K. Regonda Chandrasekharam Dornadula |
author_sort |
Koteswara Rao. D. |
title |
Water and Food Nexus: Role of Socio-Economic Status on Water–Food Nexus in an Urban Agglomeration Hyderabad, India using Consumption Water Footprint |
title_short |
Water and Food Nexus: Role of Socio-Economic Status on Water–Food Nexus in an Urban Agglomeration Hyderabad, India using Consumption Water Footprint |
title_full |
Water and Food Nexus: Role of Socio-Economic Status on Water–Food Nexus in an Urban Agglomeration Hyderabad, India using Consumption Water Footprint |
title_fullStr |
Water and Food Nexus: Role of Socio-Economic Status on Water–Food Nexus in an Urban Agglomeration Hyderabad, India using Consumption Water Footprint |
title_full_unstemmed |
Water and Food Nexus: Role of Socio-Economic Status on Water–Food Nexus in an Urban Agglomeration Hyderabad, India using Consumption Water Footprint |
title_sort |
water and food nexus: role of socio-economic status on water–food nexus in an urban agglomeration hyderabad, india using consumption water footprint |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Water |
issn |
2073-4441 |
publishDate |
2021-02-01 |
description |
Cities are complex and evolving systems with various factors playing key roles, e.g., population increase, the migration of population, the availability of resources, and the flexibility of policies. Consumers' socioeconomic status is also an important aspect that needs to be studied in the context of a self-reliant urban city in its resource consumption. In this regard, the association between water–food and socio-economic attributes was analyzed based on the consumer-centric approach for the Hyderabad Metro Development Authority (HMDA) region, India. In this study, the embedded water content in food consumption was estimated and analyzed for nine food groups and twelve economic classes of the HMDA region. The middle economic classes were found to correspond to ~80% of embedded water content in the HMDA region, followed by the upper and lower economic classes. Except for cereals, per capita, the water consumption of all food groups increased with the spending power of the economic class. The green, blue, and grey consumption water footprints (WFs) suggested that much of the water that is being consumed in the HMDA region is precipitation-driven, followed by surface and groundwater resources. Limited water resources, water resource variability, climate change consequences including future climate projections, uncertainty in data, WF estimates, and region’s future growth imply a detailed study in drafting policies to become a self-reliant region. |
topic |
embedded water content water footprint water–food nexus socio-economic status food consumption virtual water |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/5/637 |
work_keys_str_mv |
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