Anthrax Lethal Toxin and the Induction of CD4 T Cell Immunity
Bacillus anthracis secretes exotoxins which act through several mechanisms including those that can subvert adaptive immunity with respect both to antigen presenting cell and T cell function. The combination of Protective Antigen (PA) and Lethal Factor (LF) forming Lethal Toxin (LT), acts within hos...
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2012-10-01
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Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/4/10/878 |
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doaj-93db31334da94974804e06984d3e66db2020-11-25T00:26:55ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512012-10-0141087889910.3390/toxins4100878Anthrax Lethal Toxin and the Induction of CD4 T Cell ImmunityDaniel M. AltmannRebecca J. IngramStephanie AscoughBacillus anthracis secretes exotoxins which act through several mechanisms including those that can subvert adaptive immunity with respect both to antigen presenting cell and T cell function. The combination of Protective Antigen (PA) and Lethal Factor (LF) forming Lethal Toxin (LT), acts within host cells to down-regulate the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade. Until recently the MAPK kinases were the only known substrate for LT; over the past few years it has become evident that LT also cleaves Nlrp1, leading to inflammasome activation and macrophage death. The predicted downstream consequences of subverting these important cellular pathways are impaired antigen presentation and adaptive immunity. In contrast to this, recent work has indicated that robust memory T cell responses to B. anthracis antigens can be identified following natural anthrax infection. We discuss how LT affects the adaptive immune response and specifically the identification of B. anthracis epitopes that are both immunogenic and protective with the potential for inclusion in protein sub-unit based vaccines.http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/4/10/878anthraxlethal factorprotective antigenCD4 T cellvaccineepitope |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Daniel M. Altmann Rebecca J. Ingram Stephanie Ascough |
spellingShingle |
Daniel M. Altmann Rebecca J. Ingram Stephanie Ascough Anthrax Lethal Toxin and the Induction of CD4 T Cell Immunity Toxins anthrax lethal factor protective antigen CD4 T cell vaccine epitope |
author_facet |
Daniel M. Altmann Rebecca J. Ingram Stephanie Ascough |
author_sort |
Daniel M. Altmann |
title |
Anthrax Lethal Toxin and the Induction of CD4 T Cell Immunity |
title_short |
Anthrax Lethal Toxin and the Induction of CD4 T Cell Immunity |
title_full |
Anthrax Lethal Toxin and the Induction of CD4 T Cell Immunity |
title_fullStr |
Anthrax Lethal Toxin and the Induction of CD4 T Cell Immunity |
title_full_unstemmed |
Anthrax Lethal Toxin and the Induction of CD4 T Cell Immunity |
title_sort |
anthrax lethal toxin and the induction of cd4 t cell immunity |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Toxins |
issn |
2072-6651 |
publishDate |
2012-10-01 |
description |
Bacillus anthracis secretes exotoxins which act through several mechanisms including those that can subvert adaptive immunity with respect both to antigen presenting cell and T cell function. The combination of Protective Antigen (PA) and Lethal Factor (LF) forming Lethal Toxin (LT), acts within host cells to down-regulate the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade. Until recently the MAPK kinases were the only known substrate for LT; over the past few years it has become evident that LT also cleaves Nlrp1, leading to inflammasome activation and macrophage death. The predicted downstream consequences of subverting these important cellular pathways are impaired antigen presentation and adaptive immunity. In contrast to this, recent work has indicated that robust memory T cell responses to B. anthracis antigens can be identified following natural anthrax infection. We discuss how LT affects the adaptive immune response and specifically the identification of B. anthracis epitopes that are both immunogenic and protective with the potential for inclusion in protein sub-unit based vaccines. |
topic |
anthrax lethal factor protective antigen CD4 T cell vaccine epitope |
url |
http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/4/10/878 |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT danielmaltmann anthraxlethaltoxinandtheinductionofcd4tcellimmunity AT rebeccajingram anthraxlethaltoxinandtheinductionofcd4tcellimmunity AT stephanieascough anthraxlethaltoxinandtheinductionofcd4tcellimmunity |
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