Size- and Surface-Dependent Solubility of Cadmium Telluride in Aqueous Solutions

• Main Authors: Renate Zapf-Gottwick, Matthias Zorn, Jessica Nover, Michael Koch, Carolin Feifel, Jürgen H. Werner
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: MDPI AG 2021-01-01
• Series: Energies
• Subjects: cadmium telluride; toxicity; solar cells; solubility elution; pH dependence
• Online Access: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/2/398

Due to the toxicity of cadmium (Cd) and the scarcity of telluride (Te), CdTe-based photovoltaic modules have been under discussion during the last few years. In particular, the stability of CdTe in aqueous solutions is under debate. Here we show that the stability of CdTe depends not only on the pH of water-based solutions but also on size and surface treatment of CdTe particles. We compare milled module pieces with CdTe powders of different particle size. The leaching of CdTe is conditioned by the outdiffusion of Cd and Te at the interface between CdTe particles and the aqueous solution. The smaller the particle size, the faster the leaching. Therefore, milled module pieces decompose faster than CdTe powders with relatively large grains. We observe a dependence on time <i>t</i> according to <em>t^0.43</em>. The room temperature diffusion coefficients are calculated as <em>D_Cd</em> ≈ 3 × 10⁻¹⁷ cm²/s for Cd, and <em>D_Te</em> ≈ 1.5 × 10⁻¹⁷ cm²/s for Te in pH4. The chemical instability in aqueous solutions follows thermodynamic considerations. The solution behavior of Cd and Te depends on the pH value and the redox potential of the aqueous solutions. Chemical treatments such as those used in solar cell production modify the surface of the CdTe particles and their leaching behavior.