Strategic Approaches Towards Pertussis Control in Oman

• Main Author: Salah T. Al Awaidy
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: Oman Medical Specialty Board 2018-01-01
• Series: Oman Medical Journal
• Subjects: Bordetella Pertussis; Epidemiology; Incidence; Control; Morbidity; DTP Vaccine; Oman
• Online Access: http://omjournal.org/articleDetails.aspx?coType=1&aId=2094

Objectives: Pertussis is a highly contagious disease that causes severe and serious symptoms among infants and young children with fatalities observed in early infancy. The disease is milder among adolescents and adults. In this paper, we describe the progress made towards pertussis control in Oman and the challenges ahead to achieve control and maintain it. Methods: Pertussis data were collected between 1981 and 2015 from various sources including Annual Health Reports, annual Ministry of Health progress reports, and Community Health and Diseases Surveillance Newsletter, which provided information for the calculation of different pertussis indicators. Results: Diphtheria-tetanus-whole cell pertussis 3 (DTwP3) vaccination coverage rose from 19% in 1981 to 97% in 1992 and has been at ≥ 97% until 2015. The overall incidence of pertussis dropped dramatically from an average of 771 cases per 100 000 population from 1981 through 1985, to 21 cases per 100 000 population between 2011 and 2015 (p < 0.001). Since 1987, pertussis cases were cyclical, with peaks every three to five years with three major outbreaks reported in some parts of the country. Between 2011 and 2015, 831 cases were notified of which 785 (94.4%) met the pertussis case definition. Of these 785 cases, 625 (79.7%) were in children aged < 12 months (average rate 185 per 100 000 population), and almost all were hospitalized. Of the 625, 357 (57.1%) were aged < 2 months (average incidence of 600/100 000 population), 129 (20.6%) were 2–3 months old (average incidence of 202/100 000 population), 80 (12.8%) were 4–6 months (average incidence of 119/100 000 population), and 59 (9.4%) were 6–12 months old (average incidence is 22/100 000 population). There were 160/785 (20.3%) cases reported in children ≥ 12 months old (average rate 4/100 000 population). Downward trend rates were reported in the 5–14 year age group and a very low disease rate was observed in the > 15 years group. Since 2007, no deaths recorded were attributed to pertussis. Conclusions: Oman has a high coverage of DTP3; however, pertussis control remains a challenge among infants < 12 months old. Therefore, tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccination of pregnant women is likely to be the best strategy for preventing the disease in infants.