Impacts of the Changing Ocean-Sea Ice System on the Key Forage Fish Arctic Cod (Boreogadus Saida) and Subsistence Fisheries in the Western Canadian Arctic—Evaluating Linked Climate, Ecosystem and Economic (CEE) Models
This study synthesizes results from observations, laboratory experiments and models to showcase how the integration of scientific methods and indigenous knowledge can improve our understanding of (a) past and projected changes in environmental conditions and marine species; (b) their effects on soci...
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Format: | Article |
Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2019-04-01
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Series: | Frontiers in Marine Science |
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Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmars.2019.00179/full |
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doaj-97e4a30cc8d241dfab527ceba29428c1 |
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Article |
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DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Nadja S. Steiner William W. L. Cheung Andres M. Cisneros-Montemayor Helen Drost Helen Drost Hakase Hayashida Hakase Hayashida Carie Hoover Carie Hoover Jen Lam Tessa Sou U. Rashid Sumaila Paul Suprenand Travis C. Tai David L. VanderZwaag |
spellingShingle |
Nadja S. Steiner William W. L. Cheung Andres M. Cisneros-Montemayor Helen Drost Helen Drost Hakase Hayashida Hakase Hayashida Carie Hoover Carie Hoover Jen Lam Tessa Sou U. Rashid Sumaila Paul Suprenand Travis C. Tai David L. VanderZwaag Impacts of the Changing Ocean-Sea Ice System on the Key Forage Fish Arctic Cod (Boreogadus Saida) and Subsistence Fisheries in the Western Canadian Arctic—Evaluating Linked Climate, Ecosystem and Economic (CEE) Models Frontiers in Marine Science climate change Arctic cod subsistence fisheries Canadian Arctic Arctic change Arctic ecosystems |
author_facet |
Nadja S. Steiner William W. L. Cheung Andres M. Cisneros-Montemayor Helen Drost Helen Drost Hakase Hayashida Hakase Hayashida Carie Hoover Carie Hoover Jen Lam Tessa Sou U. Rashid Sumaila Paul Suprenand Travis C. Tai David L. VanderZwaag |
author_sort |
Nadja S. Steiner |
title |
Impacts of the Changing Ocean-Sea Ice System on the Key Forage Fish Arctic Cod (Boreogadus Saida) and Subsistence Fisheries in the Western Canadian Arctic—Evaluating Linked Climate, Ecosystem and Economic (CEE) Models |
title_short |
Impacts of the Changing Ocean-Sea Ice System on the Key Forage Fish Arctic Cod (Boreogadus Saida) and Subsistence Fisheries in the Western Canadian Arctic—Evaluating Linked Climate, Ecosystem and Economic (CEE) Models |
title_full |
Impacts of the Changing Ocean-Sea Ice System on the Key Forage Fish Arctic Cod (Boreogadus Saida) and Subsistence Fisheries in the Western Canadian Arctic—Evaluating Linked Climate, Ecosystem and Economic (CEE) Models |
title_fullStr |
Impacts of the Changing Ocean-Sea Ice System on the Key Forage Fish Arctic Cod (Boreogadus Saida) and Subsistence Fisheries in the Western Canadian Arctic—Evaluating Linked Climate, Ecosystem and Economic (CEE) Models |
title_full_unstemmed |
Impacts of the Changing Ocean-Sea Ice System on the Key Forage Fish Arctic Cod (Boreogadus Saida) and Subsistence Fisheries in the Western Canadian Arctic—Evaluating Linked Climate, Ecosystem and Economic (CEE) Models |
title_sort |
impacts of the changing ocean-sea ice system on the key forage fish arctic cod (boreogadus saida) and subsistence fisheries in the western canadian arctic—evaluating linked climate, ecosystem and economic (cee) models |
publisher |
Frontiers Media S.A. |
series |
Frontiers in Marine Science |
issn |
2296-7745 |
publishDate |
2019-04-01 |
description |
This study synthesizes results from observations, laboratory experiments and models to showcase how the integration of scientific methods and indigenous knowledge can improve our understanding of (a) past and projected changes in environmental conditions and marine species; (b) their effects on social and ecological systems in the respective communities; and (c) support management and planning tools for climate change adaptation and mitigation. The study links climate-ecosystem-economic (CEE) models and discusses uncertainties within those tools. The example focuses on the key forage species in the Inuvialuit Settlement Region (Western Canadian Arctic), i.e., Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida). Arctic cod can be trophically linked to sea-ice algae and pelagic primary producers and are key vectors for energy transfers from plankton to higher trophic levels (e.g., ringed seals, beluga), which are harvested by Inuit peoples. Fundamental changes in ice and ocean conditions in the region affect the marine ecosystem and fish habitat. Model simulations suggest increasing trends in oceanic phytoplankton and sea-ice algae with high interannual variability. The latter might be linked to interannual variations in Arctic cod abundance and mask trends in observations. CEE simulations incorporating physiological temperature limits data for the distribution of Arctic cod, result in an estimated 17% decrease in Arctic cod populations by the end of the century (high emission scenario), but suggest increases in abundance for other Arctic and sub-Arctic species. The Arctic cod decrease is largely caused by increased temperatures and constraints in northward migration, and could directly impact key subsistence species. Responses to acidification are still highly uncertain, but sensitivity simulations suggests an additional 1% decrease in Arctic cod populations due to pH impacts on growth and survival. Uncertainties remain with respect to detailed future changes, but general results are likely correct and in line with results from other approaches. To reduce uncertainties, higher resolution models with improved parameterizations and better understanding of the species' physiological limits are required. Arctic communities should be directly involved, receive tools and training to conduct local, unified research and food chain monitoring while decisions regarding commercial fisheries will need to be precautionary and adaptive in light of the existing uncertainties. |
topic |
climate change Arctic cod subsistence fisheries Canadian Arctic Arctic change Arctic ecosystems |
url |
https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmars.2019.00179/full |
work_keys_str_mv |
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doaj-97e4a30cc8d241dfab527ceba29428c12020-11-25T01:09:06ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Marine Science2296-77452019-04-01610.3389/fmars.2019.00179426914Impacts of the Changing Ocean-Sea Ice System on the Key Forage Fish Arctic Cod (Boreogadus Saida) and Subsistence Fisheries in the Western Canadian Arctic—Evaluating Linked Climate, Ecosystem and Economic (CEE) ModelsNadja S. Steiner0William W. L. Cheung1Andres M. Cisneros-Montemayor2Helen Drost3Helen Drost4Hakase Hayashida5Hakase Hayashida6Carie Hoover7Carie Hoover8Jen Lam9Tessa Sou10U. Rashid Sumaila11Paul Suprenand12Travis C. Tai13David L. VanderZwaag14Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Sidney, BC, CanadaInstitute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, CanadaInstitute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, CanadaInstitute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Sidney, BC, CanadaSheluqun Environmental, Saltspring, BC, CanadaSchool of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, CanadaInstitute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, AustraliaCentre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, CanadaFreshwater Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Winnipeg, MB, CanadaJoint Secretariat, Inuvialuit Settlement Region, Inuvik, NWT, CanadaInstitute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Sidney, BC, CanadaInstitute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, CanadaMote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, FL, United StatesInstitute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada0Schulich School of Law, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, CanadaThis study synthesizes results from observations, laboratory experiments and models to showcase how the integration of scientific methods and indigenous knowledge can improve our understanding of (a) past and projected changes in environmental conditions and marine species; (b) their effects on social and ecological systems in the respective communities; and (c) support management and planning tools for climate change adaptation and mitigation. The study links climate-ecosystem-economic (CEE) models and discusses uncertainties within those tools. The example focuses on the key forage species in the Inuvialuit Settlement Region (Western Canadian Arctic), i.e., Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida). Arctic cod can be trophically linked to sea-ice algae and pelagic primary producers and are key vectors for energy transfers from plankton to higher trophic levels (e.g., ringed seals, beluga), which are harvested by Inuit peoples. Fundamental changes in ice and ocean conditions in the region affect the marine ecosystem and fish habitat. Model simulations suggest increasing trends in oceanic phytoplankton and sea-ice algae with high interannual variability. The latter might be linked to interannual variations in Arctic cod abundance and mask trends in observations. CEE simulations incorporating physiological temperature limits data for the distribution of Arctic cod, result in an estimated 17% decrease in Arctic cod populations by the end of the century (high emission scenario), but suggest increases in abundance for other Arctic and sub-Arctic species. The Arctic cod decrease is largely caused by increased temperatures and constraints in northward migration, and could directly impact key subsistence species. Responses to acidification are still highly uncertain, but sensitivity simulations suggests an additional 1% decrease in Arctic cod populations due to pH impacts on growth and survival. Uncertainties remain with respect to detailed future changes, but general results are likely correct and in line with results from other approaches. To reduce uncertainties, higher resolution models with improved parameterizations and better understanding of the species' physiological limits are required. Arctic communities should be directly involved, receive tools and training to conduct local, unified research and food chain monitoring while decisions regarding commercial fisheries will need to be precautionary and adaptive in light of the existing uncertainties.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmars.2019.00179/fullclimate changeArctic codsubsistence fisheriesCanadian ArcticArctic changeArctic ecosystems |