A Review of Heterogeneity in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects approximately 8%–12% of children worldwide. Throughout an individual’s lifetime, ADHD can significantly increase risk for other psychiatric disorders, educational and occupational failure, accidents, crimin...

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Main Authors: Yuyang Luo, Dana Weibman, Jeffrey M. Halperin, Xiaobo Li
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2019-02-01
Series:Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnhum.2019.00042/full
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spelling doaj-97fd2f3c2a184b6d8e3e84239cde250a2020-11-25T02:36:29ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Human Neuroscience1662-51612019-02-011310.3389/fnhum.2019.00042406779A Review of Heterogeneity in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)Yuyang Luo0Dana Weibman1Jeffrey M. Halperin2Xiaobo Li3Xiaobo Li4Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, United StatesDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, United StatesDepartment of Psychology, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, NY, United StatesDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, United StatesDepartment of Electric and Computer Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, United StatesAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects approximately 8%–12% of children worldwide. Throughout an individual’s lifetime, ADHD can significantly increase risk for other psychiatric disorders, educational and occupational failure, accidents, criminality, social disability and addictions. No single risk factor is necessary or sufficient to cause ADHD. The multifactorial causation of ADHD is reflected in the heterogeneity of this disorder, as indicated by its diversity of psychiatric comorbidities, varied clinical profiles, patterns of neurocognitive impairment and developmental trajectories, and the wide range of structural and functional brain anomalies. Although evidence-based treatments can reduce ADHD symptoms in a substantial portion of affected individuals, there is yet no curative treatment for ADHD. A number of theoretical models of the emergence and developmental trajectories of ADHD have been proposed, aimed at providing systematic guides for clinical research and practice. We conducted a comprehensive review of the current status of research in understanding the heterogeneity of ADHD in terms of etiology, clinical profiles and trajectories, and neurobiological mechanisms. We suggest that further research focus on investigating the impact of the etiological risk factors and their interactions with developmental neural mechanisms and clinical profiles in ADHD. Such research would have heuristic value for identifying biologically homogeneous subgroups and could facilitate the development of novel and more tailored interventions that target underlying neural anomalies characteristic of more homogeneous subgroups.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnhum.2019.00042/fullADHDheterogeneityrisk factorscognitive impairmentsstructural MRIfunctional MRI
collection DOAJ
language English
format Article
sources DOAJ
author Yuyang Luo
Dana Weibman
Jeffrey M. Halperin
Xiaobo Li
Xiaobo Li
spellingShingle Yuyang Luo
Dana Weibman
Jeffrey M. Halperin
Xiaobo Li
Xiaobo Li
A Review of Heterogeneity in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
ADHD
heterogeneity
risk factors
cognitive impairments
structural MRI
functional MRI
author_facet Yuyang Luo
Dana Weibman
Jeffrey M. Halperin
Xiaobo Li
Xiaobo Li
author_sort Yuyang Luo
title A Review of Heterogeneity in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
title_short A Review of Heterogeneity in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
title_full A Review of Heterogeneity in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
title_fullStr A Review of Heterogeneity in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
title_full_unstemmed A Review of Heterogeneity in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
title_sort review of heterogeneity in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (adhd)
publisher Frontiers Media S.A.
series Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
issn 1662-5161
publishDate 2019-02-01
description Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects approximately 8%–12% of children worldwide. Throughout an individual’s lifetime, ADHD can significantly increase risk for other psychiatric disorders, educational and occupational failure, accidents, criminality, social disability and addictions. No single risk factor is necessary or sufficient to cause ADHD. The multifactorial causation of ADHD is reflected in the heterogeneity of this disorder, as indicated by its diversity of psychiatric comorbidities, varied clinical profiles, patterns of neurocognitive impairment and developmental trajectories, and the wide range of structural and functional brain anomalies. Although evidence-based treatments can reduce ADHD symptoms in a substantial portion of affected individuals, there is yet no curative treatment for ADHD. A number of theoretical models of the emergence and developmental trajectories of ADHD have been proposed, aimed at providing systematic guides for clinical research and practice. We conducted a comprehensive review of the current status of research in understanding the heterogeneity of ADHD in terms of etiology, clinical profiles and trajectories, and neurobiological mechanisms. We suggest that further research focus on investigating the impact of the etiological risk factors and their interactions with developmental neural mechanisms and clinical profiles in ADHD. Such research would have heuristic value for identifying biologically homogeneous subgroups and could facilitate the development of novel and more tailored interventions that target underlying neural anomalies characteristic of more homogeneous subgroups.
topic ADHD
heterogeneity
risk factors
cognitive impairments
structural MRI
functional MRI
url https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnhum.2019.00042/full
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