Intracellular Penetration and Effects of Antibiotics on <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Inside Human Neutrophils: A Comprehensive Review
Neutrophils are important assets in defense against invading bacteria like staphylococci. However, (dysfunctioning) neutrophils can also serve as reservoir for pathogens that are able to survive inside the cellular environment. <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> is a notorious facultative intr...
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doaj-98487a1163f94bd69010a08a69fb669b2020-11-25T00:59:38ZengMDPI AGAntibiotics2079-63822019-05-01825410.3390/antibiotics8020054antibiotics8020054Intracellular Penetration and Effects of Antibiotics on <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Inside Human Neutrophils: A Comprehensive ReviewSuzanne Bongers0Pien Hellebrekers1Luke P.H. Leenen2Leo Koenderman3Falco Hietbrink4Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, The NetherlandsDepartment of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, The NetherlandsDepartment of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, The NetherlandsLaboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, The NetherlandsDepartment of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, The NetherlandsNeutrophils are important assets in defense against invading bacteria like staphylococci. However, (dysfunctioning) neutrophils can also serve as reservoir for pathogens that are able to survive inside the cellular environment. <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> is a notorious facultative intracellular pathogen. Most vulnerable for neutrophil dysfunction and intracellular infection are immune-deficient patients or, as has recently been described, severely injured patients. These dysfunctional neutrophils can become hide-out spots or “Trojan horses” for <i>S. aureus</i>. This location offers protection to bacteria from most antibiotics and allows transportation of bacteria throughout the body inside moving neutrophils. When neutrophils die, these bacteria are released at different locations. In this review, we therefore focus on the capacity of several groups of antibiotics to enter human neutrophils, kill intracellular <i>S</i>. <i>aureus</i> and affect neutrophil function. We provide an overview of intracellular capacity of available antibiotics to aid in clinical decision making. In conclusion, quinolones, rifamycins and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim seem very effective against intracellular <i>S. aureus</i> in human neutrophils. Oxazolidinones, macrolides and lincosamides also exert intracellular antibiotic activity. Despite that the reviewed data are predominantly of in vitro origin, these findings should be taken into account when intracellular infection is suspected, as can be the case in severely injured patients.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/8/2/54neutrophilspolymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMN)intracellular antibioticsStaphylococcus aureusintracellular pathogen |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Suzanne Bongers Pien Hellebrekers Luke P.H. Leenen Leo Koenderman Falco Hietbrink |
spellingShingle |
Suzanne Bongers Pien Hellebrekers Luke P.H. Leenen Leo Koenderman Falco Hietbrink Intracellular Penetration and Effects of Antibiotics on <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Inside Human Neutrophils: A Comprehensive Review Antibiotics neutrophils polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMN) intracellular antibiotics Staphylococcus aureus intracellular pathogen |
author_facet |
Suzanne Bongers Pien Hellebrekers Luke P.H. Leenen Leo Koenderman Falco Hietbrink |
author_sort |
Suzanne Bongers |
title |
Intracellular Penetration and Effects of Antibiotics on <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Inside Human Neutrophils: A Comprehensive Review |
title_short |
Intracellular Penetration and Effects of Antibiotics on <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Inside Human Neutrophils: A Comprehensive Review |
title_full |
Intracellular Penetration and Effects of Antibiotics on <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Inside Human Neutrophils: A Comprehensive Review |
title_fullStr |
Intracellular Penetration and Effects of Antibiotics on <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Inside Human Neutrophils: A Comprehensive Review |
title_full_unstemmed |
Intracellular Penetration and Effects of Antibiotics on <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Inside Human Neutrophils: A Comprehensive Review |
title_sort |
intracellular penetration and effects of antibiotics on <i>staphylococcus aureus</i> inside human neutrophils: a comprehensive review |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Antibiotics |
issn |
2079-6382 |
publishDate |
2019-05-01 |
description |
Neutrophils are important assets in defense against invading bacteria like staphylococci. However, (dysfunctioning) neutrophils can also serve as reservoir for pathogens that are able to survive inside the cellular environment. <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> is a notorious facultative intracellular pathogen. Most vulnerable for neutrophil dysfunction and intracellular infection are immune-deficient patients or, as has recently been described, severely injured patients. These dysfunctional neutrophils can become hide-out spots or “Trojan horses” for <i>S. aureus</i>. This location offers protection to bacteria from most antibiotics and allows transportation of bacteria throughout the body inside moving neutrophils. When neutrophils die, these bacteria are released at different locations. In this review, we therefore focus on the capacity of several groups of antibiotics to enter human neutrophils, kill intracellular <i>S</i>. <i>aureus</i> and affect neutrophil function. We provide an overview of intracellular capacity of available antibiotics to aid in clinical decision making. In conclusion, quinolones, rifamycins and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim seem very effective against intracellular <i>S. aureus</i> in human neutrophils. Oxazolidinones, macrolides and lincosamides also exert intracellular antibiotic activity. Despite that the reviewed data are predominantly of in vitro origin, these findings should be taken into account when intracellular infection is suspected, as can be the case in severely injured patients. |
topic |
neutrophils polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMN) intracellular antibiotics Staphylococcus aureus intracellular pathogen |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/8/2/54 |
work_keys_str_mv |
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