Numerical Sensitivity Tests of Volatile Organic Compounds Emission to PM<sub>2.5</sub> Formation during Heat Wave Period in 2018 in Two Southeast Korean Cities
A record-breaking severe heat wave was recorded in southeast Korea from 11 July to 15 August 2018, and the numerical sensitivity simulations of volatile organic compound (VOC) to secondarily generated particulate matter with diameter of less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) concentrations were studied in the Bus...
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doaj-9cc379267652429aaf8aba20ae19083c2020-11-25T02:19:15ZengMDPI AGAtmosphere2073-44332020-03-011133133110.3390/atmos11040331Numerical Sensitivity Tests of Volatile Organic Compounds Emission to PM<sub>2.5</sub> Formation during Heat Wave Period in 2018 in Two Southeast Korean CitiesGeum-Hee Yang0Yu-Jin Jo1Hyo-Jung Lee2Chang-Keun Song3Cheol-Hee Kim4Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, KoreaDepartment of Atmospheric Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, KoreaDepartment of Atmospheric Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, KoreaSchool of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, KoreaDepartment of Atmospheric Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, KoreaA record-breaking severe heat wave was recorded in southeast Korea from 11 July to 15 August 2018, and the numerical sensitivity simulations of volatile organic compound (VOC) to secondarily generated particulate matter with diameter of less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) concentrations were studied in the Busan and Ulsan metropolitan areas in southeast Korea. A weather research and forecasting (WRF) model coupled with chemistry (WRF-Chem) was employed, and we carried out VOC emission sensitivity simulations to investigate variations in PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations during the heat wave period that occurred from 11 July to 15 August 2018. In our study, when anthropogenic VOC emissions from the Comprehensive Regional Emissions Inventory for Atmospheric Transport Experiment-2015 (CREATE-2015) inventory were increased by approximately a factor of five in southeast Korea, a better agreement with observations of PM<sub>2.5</sub> mass concentrations was simulated, implying an underestimation of anthropogenic VOC emissions over southeast Korea. The simulated secondary organic aerosol (SOA) fraction, in particular, showed greater dominance during high temperature periods such as 19–21 July, 2018, with the SOA fractions of 42.3% (in Busan) and 34.3% (in Ulsan) among a sub-total of seven inorganic and organic components. This is considerably higher than observed annual mean organic carbon (OC) fraction (28.4 ± 4%) among seven components, indicating the enhancement of secondary organic aerosols induced by photochemical reactions during the heat wave period in both metropolitan areas. The PM<sub>2.5</sub> to PM<sub>10</sub> ratios were 0.69 and 0.74, on average, during the study period in the two cities. These were also significantly higher than the typical range in those cities, which was 0.5–0.6 in 2018. Our simulations implied that extremely high temperatures with no precipitation are significantly important to the secondary generation of PM<sub>2.5</sub> with higher secondary organic aerosol fraction via photochemical reactions in southeastern Korean cities. Other possible relationships between anthropogenic VOC emissions and temperature during the heat wave episode are also discussed in this study.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/11/4/331heat wavePM<sub>2.5</sub>secondary organic aerosolBusan metropolitan areaUlsan metropolitan area |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Geum-Hee Yang Yu-Jin Jo Hyo-Jung Lee Chang-Keun Song Cheol-Hee Kim |
spellingShingle |
Geum-Hee Yang Yu-Jin Jo Hyo-Jung Lee Chang-Keun Song Cheol-Hee Kim Numerical Sensitivity Tests of Volatile Organic Compounds Emission to PM<sub>2.5</sub> Formation during Heat Wave Period in 2018 in Two Southeast Korean Cities Atmosphere heat wave PM<sub>2.5</sub> secondary organic aerosol Busan metropolitan area Ulsan metropolitan area |
author_facet |
Geum-Hee Yang Yu-Jin Jo Hyo-Jung Lee Chang-Keun Song Cheol-Hee Kim |
author_sort |
Geum-Hee Yang |
title |
Numerical Sensitivity Tests of Volatile Organic Compounds Emission to PM<sub>2.5</sub> Formation during Heat Wave Period in 2018 in Two Southeast Korean Cities |
title_short |
Numerical Sensitivity Tests of Volatile Organic Compounds Emission to PM<sub>2.5</sub> Formation during Heat Wave Period in 2018 in Two Southeast Korean Cities |
title_full |
Numerical Sensitivity Tests of Volatile Organic Compounds Emission to PM<sub>2.5</sub> Formation during Heat Wave Period in 2018 in Two Southeast Korean Cities |
title_fullStr |
Numerical Sensitivity Tests of Volatile Organic Compounds Emission to PM<sub>2.5</sub> Formation during Heat Wave Period in 2018 in Two Southeast Korean Cities |
title_full_unstemmed |
Numerical Sensitivity Tests of Volatile Organic Compounds Emission to PM<sub>2.5</sub> Formation during Heat Wave Period in 2018 in Two Southeast Korean Cities |
title_sort |
numerical sensitivity tests of volatile organic compounds emission to pm<sub>2.5</sub> formation during heat wave period in 2018 in two southeast korean cities |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Atmosphere |
issn |
2073-4433 |
publishDate |
2020-03-01 |
description |
A record-breaking severe heat wave was recorded in southeast Korea from 11 July to 15 August 2018, and the numerical sensitivity simulations of volatile organic compound (VOC) to secondarily generated particulate matter with diameter of less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) concentrations were studied in the Busan and Ulsan metropolitan areas in southeast Korea. A weather research and forecasting (WRF) model coupled with chemistry (WRF-Chem) was employed, and we carried out VOC emission sensitivity simulations to investigate variations in PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations during the heat wave period that occurred from 11 July to 15 August 2018. In our study, when anthropogenic VOC emissions from the Comprehensive Regional Emissions Inventory for Atmospheric Transport Experiment-2015 (CREATE-2015) inventory were increased by approximately a factor of five in southeast Korea, a better agreement with observations of PM<sub>2.5</sub> mass concentrations was simulated, implying an underestimation of anthropogenic VOC emissions over southeast Korea. The simulated secondary organic aerosol (SOA) fraction, in particular, showed greater dominance during high temperature periods such as 19–21 July, 2018, with the SOA fractions of 42.3% (in Busan) and 34.3% (in Ulsan) among a sub-total of seven inorganic and organic components. This is considerably higher than observed annual mean organic carbon (OC) fraction (28.4 ± 4%) among seven components, indicating the enhancement of secondary organic aerosols induced by photochemical reactions during the heat wave period in both metropolitan areas. The PM<sub>2.5</sub> to PM<sub>10</sub> ratios were 0.69 and 0.74, on average, during the study period in the two cities. These were also significantly higher than the typical range in those cities, which was 0.5–0.6 in 2018. Our simulations implied that extremely high temperatures with no precipitation are significantly important to the secondary generation of PM<sub>2.5</sub> with higher secondary organic aerosol fraction via photochemical reactions in southeastern Korean cities. Other possible relationships between anthropogenic VOC emissions and temperature during the heat wave episode are also discussed in this study. |
topic |
heat wave PM<sub>2.5</sub> secondary organic aerosol Busan metropolitan area Ulsan metropolitan area |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/11/4/331 |
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