A review of air–ice chemical and physical interactions (AICI): liquids, quasi-liquids, and solids in snow
Snow in the environment acts as a host to rich chemistry and provides a matrix for physical exchange of contaminants within the ecosystem. The goal of this review is to summarise the current state of knowledge of physical processes and chemical reactivity in surface snow with relevance to polar regi...
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Copernicus Publications
2014-02-01
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Series: | Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
Online Access: | http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/14/1587/2014/acp-14-1587-2014.pdf |
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format |
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author |
T. Bartels-Rausch H.-W. Jacobi T. F. Kahan J. L. Thomas E. S. Thomson J. P. D. Abbatt M. Ammann J. R. Blackford H. Bluhm C. Boxe F. Domine M. M. Frey I. Gladich M. I. Guzmán D. Heger Th. Huthwelker P. Klán W. F. Kuhs M. H. Kuo S. Maus S. G. Moussa V. F. McNeill J. T. Newberg J. B. C. Pettersson M. Roeselová J. R. Sodeau |
spellingShingle |
T. Bartels-Rausch H.-W. Jacobi T. F. Kahan J. L. Thomas E. S. Thomson J. P. D. Abbatt M. Ammann J. R. Blackford H. Bluhm C. Boxe F. Domine M. M. Frey I. Gladich M. I. Guzmán D. Heger Th. Huthwelker P. Klán W. F. Kuhs M. H. Kuo S. Maus S. G. Moussa V. F. McNeill J. T. Newberg J. B. C. Pettersson M. Roeselová J. R. Sodeau A review of air–ice chemical and physical interactions (AICI): liquids, quasi-liquids, and solids in snow Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
author_facet |
T. Bartels-Rausch H.-W. Jacobi T. F. Kahan J. L. Thomas E. S. Thomson J. P. D. Abbatt M. Ammann J. R. Blackford H. Bluhm C. Boxe F. Domine M. M. Frey I. Gladich M. I. Guzmán D. Heger Th. Huthwelker P. Klán W. F. Kuhs M. H. Kuo S. Maus S. G. Moussa V. F. McNeill J. T. Newberg J. B. C. Pettersson M. Roeselová J. R. Sodeau |
author_sort |
T. Bartels-Rausch |
title |
A review of air–ice chemical and physical interactions (AICI): liquids, quasi-liquids, and solids in snow |
title_short |
A review of air–ice chemical and physical interactions (AICI): liquids, quasi-liquids, and solids in snow |
title_full |
A review of air–ice chemical and physical interactions (AICI): liquids, quasi-liquids, and solids in snow |
title_fullStr |
A review of air–ice chemical and physical interactions (AICI): liquids, quasi-liquids, and solids in snow |
title_full_unstemmed |
A review of air–ice chemical and physical interactions (AICI): liquids, quasi-liquids, and solids in snow |
title_sort |
review of air–ice chemical and physical interactions (aici): liquids, quasi-liquids, and solids in snow |
publisher |
Copernicus Publications |
series |
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
issn |
1680-7316 1680-7324 |
publishDate |
2014-02-01 |
description |
Snow in the environment acts as a host to rich chemistry and provides
a matrix for physical exchange of contaminants within the ecosystem. The goal
of this review is to summarise the current state of knowledge of physical
processes and chemical reactivity in surface snow with relevance to polar
regions. It focuses on a description of impurities in distinct compartments
present in surface snow, such as snow crystals, grain boundaries, crystal
surfaces, and liquid parts. It emphasises the microscopic description of the
ice surface and its link with the environment. Distinct differences between
the disordered air–ice interface, often termed quasi-liquid layer, and
a liquid phase are highlighted. The reactivity in these different
compartments of surface snow is discussed using many experimental studies,
simulations, and selected snow models from the molecular to the macro-scale.
<br><br>
Although new experimental techniques have extended our knowledge of the
surface properties of ice and their impact on some single reactions and
processes, others occurring on, at or within snow grains remain unquantified.
The presence of liquid or liquid-like compartments either due to the
formation of brine or disorder at surfaces of snow crystals below the
freezing point may strongly modify reaction rates. Therefore, future
experiments should include a detailed characterisation of the surface
properties of the ice matrices. A further point that remains largely
unresolved is the distribution of impurities between the different domains of
the condensed phase inside the snowpack, i.e. in the bulk solid, in liquid at
the surface or trapped in confined pockets within or between grains, or at
the surface. While surface-sensitive laboratory techniques may in the future
help to resolve this point for equilibrium conditions, additional uncertainty
for the environmental snowpack may be caused by the highly dynamic nature of
the snowpack due to the fast metamorphism occurring under certain
environmental conditions.
<br><br>
Due to these gaps in knowledge the first snow chemistry models have attempted
to reproduce certain processes like the long-term incorporation of volatile
compounds in snow and firn or the release of reactive species from the
snowpack. Although so far none of the models offers a coupled approach of
physical and chemical processes or a detailed representation of the different
compartments, they have successfully been used to reproduce some field
experiments. A fully coupled snow chemistry and physics model remains to be
developed. |
url |
http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/14/1587/2014/acp-14-1587-2014.pdf |
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doaj-9d7330b62253483a83c871202940598d2020-11-24T23:39:39ZengCopernicus PublicationsAtmospheric Chemistry and Physics1680-73161680-73242014-02-011431587163310.5194/acp-14-1587-2014A review of air–ice chemical and physical interactions (AICI): liquids, quasi-liquids, and solids in snowT. Bartels-Rausch0H.-W. Jacobi1T. F. Kahan2J. L. Thomas3E. S. Thomson4J. P. D. Abbatt5M. Ammann6J. R. Blackford7H. Bluhm8C. Boxe9F. Domine10M. M. Frey11I. Gladich12M. I. Guzmán13D. Heger14Th. Huthwelker15P. Klán16W. F. Kuhs17M. H. Kuo18S. Maus19S. G. Moussa20V. F. McNeill21J. T. Newberg22J. B. C. Pettersson23M. Roeselová24J. R. Sodeau25Laboratory of Radio and Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, SwitzerlandCNRS, Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l'Environnement (UMR5183), 38041 Grenoble, FranceDepartment of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 1-014 Center for Science and Technology, Syracuse, New York, USAUPMC Univ. Paris 06, UMR8190, CNRS/INSU – Univ. Versailles St.-Quentin, LATMOS-IPSL, Paris, FranceDepartment of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Atmospheric Science, University of Gothenburg, 41296, Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, CanadaLaboratory of Radio and Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, SwitzerlandInstitute for Materials and Processes, School of Engineering, King's Buildings, The University of Edinburgh, EH9 3JL, UKLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Berkeley, CA 94720, USADepartment of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Medgar Evers College – City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11235, USATakuvik Joint International Laboratory, Université Laval and CNRS, and Department of Chemistry, 1045 avenue de la médecine, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, CanadaBritish Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UKInstitute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nam. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech RepublicDepartment of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0055, USADepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A, 62500 Brno, Czech RepublicSLS Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, SwitzerlandDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A, 62500 Brno, Czech RepublicGZG Abt. Kristallographie, Universität Göttingen, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077 Göttingen, GermanyDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USAGeophysical Institute, University Bergen, 5007 Bergen, NorwayDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USADepartment of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USADepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USADepartment of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Atmospheric Science, University of Gothenburg, 41296, Gothenburg, SwedenInstitute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nam. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech RepublicDepartment of Chemistry and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, IrelandSnow in the environment acts as a host to rich chemistry and provides a matrix for physical exchange of contaminants within the ecosystem. The goal of this review is to summarise the current state of knowledge of physical processes and chemical reactivity in surface snow with relevance to polar regions. It focuses on a description of impurities in distinct compartments present in surface snow, such as snow crystals, grain boundaries, crystal surfaces, and liquid parts. It emphasises the microscopic description of the ice surface and its link with the environment. Distinct differences between the disordered air–ice interface, often termed quasi-liquid layer, and a liquid phase are highlighted. The reactivity in these different compartments of surface snow is discussed using many experimental studies, simulations, and selected snow models from the molecular to the macro-scale. <br><br> Although new experimental techniques have extended our knowledge of the surface properties of ice and their impact on some single reactions and processes, others occurring on, at or within snow grains remain unquantified. The presence of liquid or liquid-like compartments either due to the formation of brine or disorder at surfaces of snow crystals below the freezing point may strongly modify reaction rates. Therefore, future experiments should include a detailed characterisation of the surface properties of the ice matrices. A further point that remains largely unresolved is the distribution of impurities between the different domains of the condensed phase inside the snowpack, i.e. in the bulk solid, in liquid at the surface or trapped in confined pockets within or between grains, or at the surface. While surface-sensitive laboratory techniques may in the future help to resolve this point for equilibrium conditions, additional uncertainty for the environmental snowpack may be caused by the highly dynamic nature of the snowpack due to the fast metamorphism occurring under certain environmental conditions. <br><br> Due to these gaps in knowledge the first snow chemistry models have attempted to reproduce certain processes like the long-term incorporation of volatile compounds in snow and firn or the release of reactive species from the snowpack. Although so far none of the models offers a coupled approach of physical and chemical processes or a detailed representation of the different compartments, they have successfully been used to reproduce some field experiments. A fully coupled snow chemistry and physics model remains to be developed.http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/14/1587/2014/acp-14-1587-2014.pdf |