Pleiotropic Actions of Aldehyde Reductase (AKR1A)
We provide an overview of the physiological roles of aldehyde reductase (AKR1A) and also discuss the functions of aldose reductase (AKR1B) and other family members when necessary. Many types of aldehyde compounds are cytotoxic and some are even carcinogenic. Such toxic aldehydes are detoxified via t...
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doaj-9db845b68e3547c69aa8797874e244f42021-06-01T01:11:43ZengMDPI AGMetabolites2218-19892021-05-011134334310.3390/metabo11060343Pleiotropic Actions of Aldehyde Reductase (AKR1A)Junichi Fujii0Takujiro Homma1Satoshi Miyata2Motoko Takahashi3Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, JapanDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, JapanMiyata Diabetes and Metabolism Clinic, 5-17-21 Fukushima, Fukushima-ku, Osaka 553-0003, JapanDepartment of Biochemistry, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, JapanWe provide an overview of the physiological roles of aldehyde reductase (AKR1A) and also discuss the functions of aldose reductase (AKR1B) and other family members when necessary. Many types of aldehyde compounds are cytotoxic and some are even carcinogenic. Such toxic aldehydes are detoxified via the action of AKR in an NADPH-dependent manner and the resulting products may exert anti-diabetic and anti-tumorigenic activity. AKR1A is capable of reducing 3-deoxyglucosone and methylglyoxal, which are reactive intermediates that are involved in glycation, a non-enzymatic glycosylation reaction. Accordingly, AKR1A is thought to suppress the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and prevent diabetic complications. AKR1A and, in part, AKR1B are responsible for the conversion of <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">d</span>-glucuronate to <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l</span>-gulonate which constitutes a process for ascorbate (vitamin C) synthesis in competent animals. AKR1A is also involved in the reduction of <i>S</i>-nitrosylated glutathione and coenzyme A and thereby suppresses the protein <i>S</i>-nitrosylation that occurs under conditions in which the production of nitric oxide is stimulated. As the physiological functions of AKR1A are currently not completely understood, the genetic modification of <i>Akr1a</i> could reveal the latent functions of AKR1A and differentiate it from other family members.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/11/6/343<i>Akr1a</i><i>Akr1b</i>reductive detoxificationglycationascorbate synthesisS-nitrosylation |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Junichi Fujii Takujiro Homma Satoshi Miyata Motoko Takahashi |
spellingShingle |
Junichi Fujii Takujiro Homma Satoshi Miyata Motoko Takahashi Pleiotropic Actions of Aldehyde Reductase (AKR1A) Metabolites <i>Akr1a</i> <i>Akr1b</i> reductive detoxification glycation ascorbate synthesis S-nitrosylation |
author_facet |
Junichi Fujii Takujiro Homma Satoshi Miyata Motoko Takahashi |
author_sort |
Junichi Fujii |
title |
Pleiotropic Actions of Aldehyde Reductase (AKR1A) |
title_short |
Pleiotropic Actions of Aldehyde Reductase (AKR1A) |
title_full |
Pleiotropic Actions of Aldehyde Reductase (AKR1A) |
title_fullStr |
Pleiotropic Actions of Aldehyde Reductase (AKR1A) |
title_full_unstemmed |
Pleiotropic Actions of Aldehyde Reductase (AKR1A) |
title_sort |
pleiotropic actions of aldehyde reductase (akr1a) |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Metabolites |
issn |
2218-1989 |
publishDate |
2021-05-01 |
description |
We provide an overview of the physiological roles of aldehyde reductase (AKR1A) and also discuss the functions of aldose reductase (AKR1B) and other family members when necessary. Many types of aldehyde compounds are cytotoxic and some are even carcinogenic. Such toxic aldehydes are detoxified via the action of AKR in an NADPH-dependent manner and the resulting products may exert anti-diabetic and anti-tumorigenic activity. AKR1A is capable of reducing 3-deoxyglucosone and methylglyoxal, which are reactive intermediates that are involved in glycation, a non-enzymatic glycosylation reaction. Accordingly, AKR1A is thought to suppress the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and prevent diabetic complications. AKR1A and, in part, AKR1B are responsible for the conversion of <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">d</span>-glucuronate to <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l</span>-gulonate which constitutes a process for ascorbate (vitamin C) synthesis in competent animals. AKR1A is also involved in the reduction of <i>S</i>-nitrosylated glutathione and coenzyme A and thereby suppresses the protein <i>S</i>-nitrosylation that occurs under conditions in which the production of nitric oxide is stimulated. As the physiological functions of AKR1A are currently not completely understood, the genetic modification of <i>Akr1a</i> could reveal the latent functions of AKR1A and differentiate it from other family members. |
topic |
<i>Akr1a</i> <i>Akr1b</i> reductive detoxification glycation ascorbate synthesis S-nitrosylation |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/11/6/343 |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT junichifujii pleiotropicactionsofaldehydereductaseakr1a AT takujirohomma pleiotropicactionsofaldehydereductaseakr1a AT satoshimiyata pleiotropicactionsofaldehydereductaseakr1a AT motokotakahashi pleiotropicactionsofaldehydereductaseakr1a |
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