Pharmaceutical Drugs and Natural Therapeutic Products for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most widespread form of diabetes, characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia, insulin resistance, and inefficient insulin secretion and action. Primary care in T2DM is pharmacological, using drugs of several groups that include insulin sensitisers (e.g., biguanide...
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doaj-9ecfb407f1424f238191079c76bd7fa72021-08-26T14:12:28ZengMDPI AGPharmaceuticals1424-82472021-08-011480680610.3390/ph14080806Pharmaceutical Drugs and Natural Therapeutic Products for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes MellitusJana Blahova0Monika Martiniakova1Martina Babikova2Veronika Kovacova3Vladimira Mondockova4Radoslav Omelka5Department of Botany and Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, 949 74 Nitra, SlovakiaDepartment of Zoology and Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, 949 74 Nitra, SlovakiaDepartment of Botany and Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, 949 74 Nitra, SlovakiaDepartment of Zoology and Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, 949 74 Nitra, SlovakiaDepartment of Botany and Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, 949 74 Nitra, SlovakiaDepartment of Botany and Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, 949 74 Nitra, SlovakiaType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most widespread form of diabetes, characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia, insulin resistance, and inefficient insulin secretion and action. Primary care in T2DM is pharmacological, using drugs of several groups that include insulin sensitisers (e.g., biguanides, thiazolidinediones), insulin secretagogues (e.g., sulphonylureas, meglinides), alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, and the newest incretin-based therapies and sodium–glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors. However, their long-term application can cause many harmful side effects, emphasising the importance of the using natural therapeutic products. Natural health substances including non-flavonoid polyphenols (e.g., resveratrol, curcumin, tannins, and lignans), flavonoids (e.g., anthocyanins, epigallocatechin gallate, quercetin, naringin, rutin, and kaempferol), plant fruits, vegetables and other products (e.g., garlic, green tea, blackcurrant, rowanberry, bilberry, strawberry, cornelian cherry, olive oil, sesame oil, and carrot) may be a safer alternative to primary pharmacological therapy. They are recommended as food supplements to prevent and/or ameliorate T2DM-related complications. In the advanced stage of T2DM, the combination therapy of synthetic agents and natural compounds with synergistic interactions makes the treatment more efficient. In this review, both pharmaceutical drugs and selected natural products, as well as combination therapies, are characterized. Mechanisms of their action and possible negative side effects are also provided.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/14/8/806type 2 diabetes mellitusmolecular mechanismstreatmentpharmaceutical drugsnatural therapeutic productscombination therapy |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Jana Blahova Monika Martiniakova Martina Babikova Veronika Kovacova Vladimira Mondockova Radoslav Omelka |
spellingShingle |
Jana Blahova Monika Martiniakova Martina Babikova Veronika Kovacova Vladimira Mondockova Radoslav Omelka Pharmaceutical Drugs and Natural Therapeutic Products for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Pharmaceuticals type 2 diabetes mellitus molecular mechanisms treatment pharmaceutical drugs natural therapeutic products combination therapy |
author_facet |
Jana Blahova Monika Martiniakova Martina Babikova Veronika Kovacova Vladimira Mondockova Radoslav Omelka |
author_sort |
Jana Blahova |
title |
Pharmaceutical Drugs and Natural Therapeutic Products for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus |
title_short |
Pharmaceutical Drugs and Natural Therapeutic Products for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus |
title_full |
Pharmaceutical Drugs and Natural Therapeutic Products for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus |
title_fullStr |
Pharmaceutical Drugs and Natural Therapeutic Products for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus |
title_full_unstemmed |
Pharmaceutical Drugs and Natural Therapeutic Products for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus |
title_sort |
pharmaceutical drugs and natural therapeutic products for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Pharmaceuticals |
issn |
1424-8247 |
publishDate |
2021-08-01 |
description |
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most widespread form of diabetes, characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia, insulin resistance, and inefficient insulin secretion and action. Primary care in T2DM is pharmacological, using drugs of several groups that include insulin sensitisers (e.g., biguanides, thiazolidinediones), insulin secretagogues (e.g., sulphonylureas, meglinides), alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, and the newest incretin-based therapies and sodium–glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors. However, their long-term application can cause many harmful side effects, emphasising the importance of the using natural therapeutic products. Natural health substances including non-flavonoid polyphenols (e.g., resveratrol, curcumin, tannins, and lignans), flavonoids (e.g., anthocyanins, epigallocatechin gallate, quercetin, naringin, rutin, and kaempferol), plant fruits, vegetables and other products (e.g., garlic, green tea, blackcurrant, rowanberry, bilberry, strawberry, cornelian cherry, olive oil, sesame oil, and carrot) may be a safer alternative to primary pharmacological therapy. They are recommended as food supplements to prevent and/or ameliorate T2DM-related complications. In the advanced stage of T2DM, the combination therapy of synthetic agents and natural compounds with synergistic interactions makes the treatment more efficient. In this review, both pharmaceutical drugs and selected natural products, as well as combination therapies, are characterized. Mechanisms of their action and possible negative side effects are also provided. |
topic |
type 2 diabetes mellitus molecular mechanisms treatment pharmaceutical drugs natural therapeutic products combination therapy |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/14/8/806 |
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