Artery Tertiary Lymphoid Organs: Powerhouses of Atherosclerosis Immunity
Artery tertiary lymphoid organs (ATLOs) are atherosclerosis-associated lymphoid aggregates with varying degrees of complexity ranging from small T/B-cell clusters to well structured lymph node-like though unencapsulated lymphoid tissues. ATLOs arise in the connective tissue that surrounds diseased...
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doaj-9fd0f609a5c646eaa4148305a11b40582020-11-25T00:04:20ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Immunology1664-32242016-10-01710.3389/fimmu.2016.00387217268Artery Tertiary Lymphoid Organs: Powerhouses of Atherosclerosis ImmunityChangjun Yin0Changjun Yin1Sarajo Mohanta2Prasad Srikakulapu3Christian Weber4Christian Weber5Andreas Habenicht6Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University MunichGerman Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart AllianceInstitute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University MunichCardiovascular Research Center (CVRC), University of Virginia, 415 Lane Road, Post Box 801394;Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University MunichGerman Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart AllianceInstitute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University MunichArtery tertiary lymphoid organs (ATLOs) are atherosclerosis-associated lymphoid aggregates with varying degrees of complexity ranging from small T/B-cell clusters to well structured lymph node-like though unencapsulated lymphoid tissues. ATLOs arise in the connective tissue that surrounds diseased arteries, i.e. the adventitia. ATLOs have been identified in aged atherosclerosis-prone hyperlipidemic apolipoprotein-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice: They are organized into distinct immune cell compartments including separate T-cell areas, activated B-cell follicles, and plasma cell (PC) niches. Analyses of ATLO immune cell subsets indicate antigen-specific T- and B-cell immune reactions within the atherosclerotic arterial wall adventitia. Moreover, ATLOs harbor innate immune cells including a large component of inflammatory macrophages, B-1 cells, and an aberrant set of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). There is marked neoangiogenesis, irregular lymphangiogenesis, neoformation of high endothelial venules (HEVs), and de novo synthesis of lymph node-like conduits. Molecular mechanisms of ATLO formation remain to be identified though media vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) may adopt features of lymphoid tissue organizer- (LTo) like cells by expressing lymphorganogenic chemokines, i.e. CXCL13 and CCL21. Although these data are consistent with the view that ATLOs participate in primary T- and B-cell responses against elusive atherosclerosis-specific autoantigens, their specific protective or disease-promoting roles remain to be identified. In this review, we discuss what is currently known about ATLOs, their potential impact on atherosclerosis, and make attempts to define challenges ahead.http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fimmu.2016.00387/fullAgingAtherosclerosisArtery Tertiary Lymphoid OrgansAdventitiaautoimmune responses |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Changjun Yin Changjun Yin Sarajo Mohanta Prasad Srikakulapu Christian Weber Christian Weber Andreas Habenicht |
spellingShingle |
Changjun Yin Changjun Yin Sarajo Mohanta Prasad Srikakulapu Christian Weber Christian Weber Andreas Habenicht Artery Tertiary Lymphoid Organs: Powerhouses of Atherosclerosis Immunity Frontiers in Immunology Aging Atherosclerosis Artery Tertiary Lymphoid Organs Adventitia autoimmune responses |
author_facet |
Changjun Yin Changjun Yin Sarajo Mohanta Prasad Srikakulapu Christian Weber Christian Weber Andreas Habenicht |
author_sort |
Changjun Yin |
title |
Artery Tertiary Lymphoid Organs: Powerhouses of Atherosclerosis Immunity |
title_short |
Artery Tertiary Lymphoid Organs: Powerhouses of Atherosclerosis Immunity |
title_full |
Artery Tertiary Lymphoid Organs: Powerhouses of Atherosclerosis Immunity |
title_fullStr |
Artery Tertiary Lymphoid Organs: Powerhouses of Atherosclerosis Immunity |
title_full_unstemmed |
Artery Tertiary Lymphoid Organs: Powerhouses of Atherosclerosis Immunity |
title_sort |
artery tertiary lymphoid organs: powerhouses of atherosclerosis immunity |
publisher |
Frontiers Media S.A. |
series |
Frontiers in Immunology |
issn |
1664-3224 |
publishDate |
2016-10-01 |
description |
Artery tertiary lymphoid organs (ATLOs) are atherosclerosis-associated lymphoid aggregates with varying degrees of complexity ranging from small T/B-cell clusters to well structured lymph node-like though unencapsulated lymphoid tissues. ATLOs arise in the connective tissue that surrounds diseased arteries, i.e. the adventitia. ATLOs have been identified in aged atherosclerosis-prone hyperlipidemic apolipoprotein-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice: They are organized into distinct immune cell compartments including separate T-cell areas, activated B-cell follicles, and plasma cell (PC) niches. Analyses of ATLO immune cell subsets indicate antigen-specific T- and B-cell immune reactions within the atherosclerotic arterial wall adventitia. Moreover, ATLOs harbor innate immune cells including a large component of inflammatory macrophages, B-1 cells, and an aberrant set of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). There is marked neoangiogenesis, irregular lymphangiogenesis, neoformation of high endothelial venules (HEVs), and de novo synthesis of lymph node-like conduits. Molecular mechanisms of ATLO formation remain to be identified though media vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) may adopt features of lymphoid tissue organizer- (LTo) like cells by expressing lymphorganogenic chemokines, i.e. CXCL13 and CCL21. Although these data are consistent with the view that ATLOs participate in primary T- and B-cell responses against elusive atherosclerosis-specific autoantigens, their specific protective or disease-promoting roles remain to be identified. In this review, we discuss what is currently known about ATLOs, their potential impact on atherosclerosis, and make attempts to define challenges ahead. |
topic |
Aging Atherosclerosis Artery Tertiary Lymphoid Organs Adventitia autoimmune responses |
url |
http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fimmu.2016.00387/full |
work_keys_str_mv |
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