Estimating Inequality of Opportunities in Punjab (Pakistan): A Non-Parametric Approach
This paper attempts to estimate inequality of opportunities in Punjab, Pakistan by using non-parametric approach. Household level data of Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2014 has been analyzed for this purpose. Household head’s income has been taken as an outcome. Three parental characteristics...
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doaj-a00de5ed29f2471199ddc6ca41ea4bd32020-11-25T02:05:54ZengJohar Education SocietyPakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences1997-85532309-86192018-04-01121136152Estimating Inequality of Opportunities in Punjab (Pakistan): A Non-Parametric ApproachZahid Pervaiz (Corresponding author) 0Shahla Akram1National College of Business Administration & Economics Lahore, PakistanNational College of Business Administration & Economics Lahore, PakistanThis paper attempts to estimate inequality of opportunities in Punjab, Pakistan by using non-parametric approach. Household level data of Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2014 has been analyzed for this purpose. Household head’s income has been taken as an outcome. Three parental characteristics of household head have been used as circumstances. These characteristics include region of residence (rural/urban), wealth status and education level of household head’s father. Equalization of circumstances has been done by dividing our sample into different groups on the basis of above mentioned circumstances. Then within-group and among-groups inequality of income has been calculated. Within-group inequality has been attributed to the differences in the efforts of household heads. Among-group inequality has been attributed to the difference of circumstances and has been termed as inequality of opportunities. Our results indicate that up to 28% variation in income is due to the differences of circumstances. Among different circumstances, father’s education has the most significant contribution in explaining the variation of income of household heads. The study highlights the significance and need of compensatory government policies to cope with the problem of inequality of opportunities in Punjab (Pakistan). Provision of equal access to educational opportunities for all segments of the society is recommended as an important public policy measure to mitigate inequality of opportunities.http://jespk.net/publications/417.pdfincome inequalityinequality of opportunitiessocioeconomic backgroundinter-generational mobilityinequality of effortsinequality of circumstances |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Zahid Pervaiz (Corresponding author) Shahla Akram |
spellingShingle |
Zahid Pervaiz (Corresponding author) Shahla Akram Estimating Inequality of Opportunities in Punjab (Pakistan): A Non-Parametric Approach Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences income inequality inequality of opportunities socioeconomic background inter-generational mobility inequality of efforts inequality of circumstances |
author_facet |
Zahid Pervaiz (Corresponding author) Shahla Akram |
author_sort |
Zahid Pervaiz (Corresponding author) |
title |
Estimating Inequality of Opportunities in Punjab (Pakistan): A Non-Parametric Approach |
title_short |
Estimating Inequality of Opportunities in Punjab (Pakistan): A Non-Parametric Approach |
title_full |
Estimating Inequality of Opportunities in Punjab (Pakistan): A Non-Parametric Approach |
title_fullStr |
Estimating Inequality of Opportunities in Punjab (Pakistan): A Non-Parametric Approach |
title_full_unstemmed |
Estimating Inequality of Opportunities in Punjab (Pakistan): A Non-Parametric Approach |
title_sort |
estimating inequality of opportunities in punjab (pakistan): a non-parametric approach |
publisher |
Johar Education Society |
series |
Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences |
issn |
1997-8553 2309-8619 |
publishDate |
2018-04-01 |
description |
This paper attempts to estimate inequality of opportunities in Punjab, Pakistan by using
non-parametric approach. Household level data of Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey
2014 has been analyzed for this purpose. Household head’s income has been taken as an
outcome. Three parental characteristics of household head have been used as
circumstances. These characteristics include region of residence (rural/urban), wealth
status and education level of household head’s father. Equalization of circumstances has
been done by dividing our sample into different groups on the basis of above mentioned
circumstances. Then within-group and among-groups inequality of income has been
calculated. Within-group inequality has been attributed to the differences in the efforts of
household heads. Among-group inequality has been attributed to the difference of
circumstances and has been termed as inequality of opportunities. Our results indicate
that up to 28% variation in income is due to the differences of circumstances. Among
different circumstances, father’s education has the most significant contribution in
explaining the variation of income of household heads. The study highlights the
significance and need of compensatory government policies to cope with the problem of
inequality of opportunities in Punjab (Pakistan). Provision of equal access to educational
opportunities for all segments of the society is recommended as an important public
policy measure to mitigate inequality of opportunities. |
topic |
income inequality inequality of opportunities socioeconomic background inter-generational mobility inequality of efforts inequality of circumstances |
url |
http://jespk.net/publications/417.pdf |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT zahidpervaizcorrespondingauthor estimatinginequalityofopportunitiesinpunjabpakistananonparametricapproach AT shahlaakram estimatinginequalityofopportunitiesinpunjabpakistananonparametricapproach |
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