Sorry, Not Sorry: Effects of Different Types of Apologies and Self-Monitoring on Non-verbal Behaviors
This study examines the effects of different types of apologies and individual differences in self-monitoring on non-verbal apology behaviors involving a server apologizing to a customer. Apologies divide into sincere apologies that reflect genuine recognition of fault, and instrumental apologies, m...
Main Authors: | , , |
---|---|
Format: | Article |
Language: | English |
Published: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2021-08-01
|
Series: | Frontiers in Psychology |
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.689615/full |
id |
doaj-a2aced6e456f45a7876720da61f6d9d6 |
---|---|
record_format |
Article |
spelling |
doaj-a2aced6e456f45a7876720da61f6d9d62021-08-26T05:52:50ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Psychology1664-10782021-08-011210.3389/fpsyg.2021.689615689615Sorry, Not Sorry: Effects of Different Types of Apologies and Self-Monitoring on Non-verbal BehaviorsKyoko Yamamoto0Masanori Kimura1Miki Osaka2Department of Psychology, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, JapanDepartment of Psychological and Behavioral Sciences, Kobe College, Nishinomiya, JapanDepartment of Psychological and Behavioral Sciences, Kobe College, Nishinomiya, JapanThis study examines the effects of different types of apologies and individual differences in self-monitoring on non-verbal apology behaviors involving a server apologizing to a customer. Apologies divide into sincere apologies that reflect genuine recognition of fault, and instrumental apologies, made for achieving a personal goal such as avoiding punishment or rejection by others. Self-monitoring (public-performing and other-directedness) were also examined. Fifty-three female undergraduate students participated in the experiment. Participants were assigned randomly to either a sincere apology condition or an instrumental apology condition. They watched the film clip of the communication between a customer and server and then role-played how they would apologize if they were the server. Participants’ non-verbal behavior during the role-play was videotaped. The results showed an interaction between the apology condition and self-monitoring on non-verbal behaviors. When public-performing was low, gaze avoidance was more likely to occur with a sincere apology than an instrumental apology. There was no difference when the public-performing was high. Facial displays of apology were apparent in the instrumental apology compared to the sincere apology. This tendency became more conspicuous with increased public-performing. Our results indicated that the higher the public-performing, the more participants tried to convey the feeling of apology by combining a direct gaze and facial displays in an instrumental apology. On the other hand, results suggest that lower levels of public-performing elicited less immediacy in offering a sincere apology. Further studies are needed to determine whether these results apply to other conflict resolution situations.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.689615/fullsincere apologyinstrumental apologyfacial displaysgazeself-monitoring |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Kyoko Yamamoto Masanori Kimura Miki Osaka |
spellingShingle |
Kyoko Yamamoto Masanori Kimura Miki Osaka Sorry, Not Sorry: Effects of Different Types of Apologies and Self-Monitoring on Non-verbal Behaviors Frontiers in Psychology sincere apology instrumental apology facial displays gaze self-monitoring |
author_facet |
Kyoko Yamamoto Masanori Kimura Miki Osaka |
author_sort |
Kyoko Yamamoto |
title |
Sorry, Not Sorry: Effects of Different Types of Apologies and Self-Monitoring on Non-verbal Behaviors |
title_short |
Sorry, Not Sorry: Effects of Different Types of Apologies and Self-Monitoring on Non-verbal Behaviors |
title_full |
Sorry, Not Sorry: Effects of Different Types of Apologies and Self-Monitoring on Non-verbal Behaviors |
title_fullStr |
Sorry, Not Sorry: Effects of Different Types of Apologies and Self-Monitoring on Non-verbal Behaviors |
title_full_unstemmed |
Sorry, Not Sorry: Effects of Different Types of Apologies and Self-Monitoring on Non-verbal Behaviors |
title_sort |
sorry, not sorry: effects of different types of apologies and self-monitoring on non-verbal behaviors |
publisher |
Frontiers Media S.A. |
series |
Frontiers in Psychology |
issn |
1664-1078 |
publishDate |
2021-08-01 |
description |
This study examines the effects of different types of apologies and individual differences in self-monitoring on non-verbal apology behaviors involving a server apologizing to a customer. Apologies divide into sincere apologies that reflect genuine recognition of fault, and instrumental apologies, made for achieving a personal goal such as avoiding punishment or rejection by others. Self-monitoring (public-performing and other-directedness) were also examined. Fifty-three female undergraduate students participated in the experiment. Participants were assigned randomly to either a sincere apology condition or an instrumental apology condition. They watched the film clip of the communication between a customer and server and then role-played how they would apologize if they were the server. Participants’ non-verbal behavior during the role-play was videotaped. The results showed an interaction between the apology condition and self-monitoring on non-verbal behaviors. When public-performing was low, gaze avoidance was more likely to occur with a sincere apology than an instrumental apology. There was no difference when the public-performing was high. Facial displays of apology were apparent in the instrumental apology compared to the sincere apology. This tendency became more conspicuous with increased public-performing. Our results indicated that the higher the public-performing, the more participants tried to convey the feeling of apology by combining a direct gaze and facial displays in an instrumental apology. On the other hand, results suggest that lower levels of public-performing elicited less immediacy in offering a sincere apology. Further studies are needed to determine whether these results apply to other conflict resolution situations. |
topic |
sincere apology instrumental apology facial displays gaze self-monitoring |
url |
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.689615/full |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT kyokoyamamoto sorrynotsorryeffectsofdifferenttypesofapologiesandselfmonitoringonnonverbalbehaviors AT masanorikimura sorrynotsorryeffectsofdifferenttypesofapologiesandselfmonitoringonnonverbalbehaviors AT mikiosaka sorrynotsorryeffectsofdifferenttypesofapologiesandselfmonitoringonnonverbalbehaviors |
_version_ |
1721196022199222272 |