The Causal Relationship between Endothelin-1 and Hypertension: Focusing on Endothelial Dysfunction, Arterial Stiffness, Vascular Remodeling, and Blood Pressure Regulation
Hypertension (HTN) is one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide and is among the most important risk factors for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular complications. It is currently thought to be the result of disturbances in a number of neural, renal, hormonal, and vascular mechanisms regulating bl...
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doaj-a34fb92a0b6545858ff60fa8bf825fb72021-09-26T00:34:39ZengMDPI AGLife2075-17292021-09-011198698610.3390/life11090986The Causal Relationship between Endothelin-1 and Hypertension: Focusing on Endothelial Dysfunction, Arterial Stiffness, Vascular Remodeling, and Blood Pressure RegulationKrasimir Kostov0Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University-Pleven, 1 Kliment Ohridski Str., 5800 Pleven, BulgariaHypertension (HTN) is one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide and is among the most important risk factors for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular complications. It is currently thought to be the result of disturbances in a number of neural, renal, hormonal, and vascular mechanisms regulating blood pressure (BP), so crucial importance is given to the imbalance of a number of vasoactive factors produced by the endothelium. Decreased nitric oxide production and increased production of endothelin-1 (ET-1) in the vascular wall may promote oxidative stress and low-grade inflammation, with the development of endothelial dysfunction (ED) and increased vasoconstrictor activity. Increased ET-1 production can contribute to arterial aging and the development of atherosclerotic changes, which are associated with increased arterial stiffness and manifestation of isolated systolic HTN. In addition, ET-1 is involved in the complex regulation of BP through synergistic interactions with angiotensin II, regulates the production of catecholamines and sympathetic activity, affects renal hemodynamics and water–salt balance, and regulates baroreceptor activity and myocardial contractility. This review focuses on the relationship between ET-1 and HTN and in particular on the key role of ET-1 in the pathogenesis of ED, arterial structural changes, and impaired vascular regulation of BP. The information presented includes basic concepts on the role of ET-1 in the pathogenesis of HTN without going into detailed analyses, which allows it to be used by a wide range of specialists. Also, the main pathological processes and mechanisms are richly illustrated for better understanding.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/11/9/986endothelin-1hypertensionoxidative stresslow-grade inflammationendothelial dysfunctionarterial stiffness |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Krasimir Kostov |
spellingShingle |
Krasimir Kostov The Causal Relationship between Endothelin-1 and Hypertension: Focusing on Endothelial Dysfunction, Arterial Stiffness, Vascular Remodeling, and Blood Pressure Regulation Life endothelin-1 hypertension oxidative stress low-grade inflammation endothelial dysfunction arterial stiffness |
author_facet |
Krasimir Kostov |
author_sort |
Krasimir Kostov |
title |
The Causal Relationship between Endothelin-1 and Hypertension: Focusing on Endothelial Dysfunction, Arterial Stiffness, Vascular Remodeling, and Blood Pressure Regulation |
title_short |
The Causal Relationship between Endothelin-1 and Hypertension: Focusing on Endothelial Dysfunction, Arterial Stiffness, Vascular Remodeling, and Blood Pressure Regulation |
title_full |
The Causal Relationship between Endothelin-1 and Hypertension: Focusing on Endothelial Dysfunction, Arterial Stiffness, Vascular Remodeling, and Blood Pressure Regulation |
title_fullStr |
The Causal Relationship between Endothelin-1 and Hypertension: Focusing on Endothelial Dysfunction, Arterial Stiffness, Vascular Remodeling, and Blood Pressure Regulation |
title_full_unstemmed |
The Causal Relationship between Endothelin-1 and Hypertension: Focusing on Endothelial Dysfunction, Arterial Stiffness, Vascular Remodeling, and Blood Pressure Regulation |
title_sort |
causal relationship between endothelin-1 and hypertension: focusing on endothelial dysfunction, arterial stiffness, vascular remodeling, and blood pressure regulation |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Life |
issn |
2075-1729 |
publishDate |
2021-09-01 |
description |
Hypertension (HTN) is one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide and is among the most important risk factors for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular complications. It is currently thought to be the result of disturbances in a number of neural, renal, hormonal, and vascular mechanisms regulating blood pressure (BP), so crucial importance is given to the imbalance of a number of vasoactive factors produced by the endothelium. Decreased nitric oxide production and increased production of endothelin-1 (ET-1) in the vascular wall may promote oxidative stress and low-grade inflammation, with the development of endothelial dysfunction (ED) and increased vasoconstrictor activity. Increased ET-1 production can contribute to arterial aging and the development of atherosclerotic changes, which are associated with increased arterial stiffness and manifestation of isolated systolic HTN. In addition, ET-1 is involved in the complex regulation of BP through synergistic interactions with angiotensin II, regulates the production of catecholamines and sympathetic activity, affects renal hemodynamics and water–salt balance, and regulates baroreceptor activity and myocardial contractility. This review focuses on the relationship between ET-1 and HTN and in particular on the key role of ET-1 in the pathogenesis of ED, arterial structural changes, and impaired vascular regulation of BP. The information presented includes basic concepts on the role of ET-1 in the pathogenesis of HTN without going into detailed analyses, which allows it to be used by a wide range of specialists. Also, the main pathological processes and mechanisms are richly illustrated for better understanding. |
topic |
endothelin-1 hypertension oxidative stress low-grade inflammation endothelial dysfunction arterial stiffness |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/11/9/986 |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT krasimirkostov thecausalrelationshipbetweenendothelin1andhypertensionfocusingonendothelialdysfunctionarterialstiffnessvascularremodelingandbloodpressureregulation AT krasimirkostov causalrelationshipbetweenendothelin1andhypertensionfocusingonendothelialdysfunctionarterialstiffnessvascularremodelingandbloodpressureregulation |
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