Effect of Human Milk Appetite Hormones, Macronutrients, and Infant Characteristics on Gastric Emptying and Breastfeeding Patterns of Term Fully Breastfed Infants
Human milk (HM) components influence infant feeding patterns and nutrient intake, yet it is unclear how they influence gastric emptying (GE), a key component of appetite regulation. This study analyzed GE of a single breastfeed, HM appetite hormones/macronutrients and demographics/anthropometrics/bo...
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doaj-a43463cecf494cd98613a1753c1884a82020-11-24T23:05:51ZengMDPI AGNutrients2072-66432016-12-01911510.3390/nu9010015nu9010015Effect of Human Milk Appetite Hormones, Macronutrients, and Infant Characteristics on Gastric Emptying and Breastfeeding Patterns of Term Fully Breastfed InfantsZoya Gridneva0Sambavi Kugananthan1Anna R. Hepworth2Wan J. Tie3Ching T. Lai4Leigh C. Ward5Peter E. Hartmann6Donna T. Geddes7School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, AustraliaSchool of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, AustraliaSchool of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, AustraliaSchool of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, AustraliaSchool of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, AustraliaSchool of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, AustraliaSchool of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, AustraliaSchool of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, AustraliaHuman milk (HM) components influence infant feeding patterns and nutrient intake, yet it is unclear how they influence gastric emptying (GE), a key component of appetite regulation. This study analyzed GE of a single breastfeed, HM appetite hormones/macronutrients and demographics/anthropometrics/body composition of term fully breastfed infants (n = 41, 2 and/or 5 mo). Stomach volumes (SV) were calculated from pre-/post-feed ultrasound scans, then repeatedly until the next feed. Feed volume (FV) was measured by the test-weigh method. HM samples were analyzed for adiponectin, leptin, fat, lactose, total carbohydrate, lysozyme, and total/whey/casein protein. Linear regression/mixed effect models were used to determine associations between GE/feed variables and HM components/infant anthropometrics/adiposity. Higher FVs were associated with faster (−0.07 [−0.10, −0.03], p < 0.001) GE rate, higher post-feed SVs (0.82 [0.53, 1.12], p < 0.001), and longer GE times (0.24 [0.03, 0.46], p = 0.033). Higher whey protein concentration was associated with higher post-feed SVs (4.99 [0.84, 9.13], p = 0.023). Longer GE time was associated with higher adiponectin concentration (2.29 [0.92, 3.66], p = 0.002) and dose (0.02 [0.01, 0.03], p = 0.005), and lower casein:whey ratio (−65.89 [−107.13, −2.66], p = 0.003). FV and HM composition influence GE and breastfeeding patterns in term breastfed infants.http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/9/1/15human milkterm breastfed infantsgastric emptyingfeeding frequencyultrasoundstomach volumesappetite hormonesmacronutrientsfeed volumeanthropometricsbody composition |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Zoya Gridneva Sambavi Kugananthan Anna R. Hepworth Wan J. Tie Ching T. Lai Leigh C. Ward Peter E. Hartmann Donna T. Geddes |
spellingShingle |
Zoya Gridneva Sambavi Kugananthan Anna R. Hepworth Wan J. Tie Ching T. Lai Leigh C. Ward Peter E. Hartmann Donna T. Geddes Effect of Human Milk Appetite Hormones, Macronutrients, and Infant Characteristics on Gastric Emptying and Breastfeeding Patterns of Term Fully Breastfed Infants Nutrients human milk term breastfed infants gastric emptying feeding frequency ultrasound stomach volumes appetite hormones macronutrients feed volume anthropometrics body composition |
author_facet |
Zoya Gridneva Sambavi Kugananthan Anna R. Hepworth Wan J. Tie Ching T. Lai Leigh C. Ward Peter E. Hartmann Donna T. Geddes |
author_sort |
Zoya Gridneva |
title |
Effect of Human Milk Appetite Hormones, Macronutrients, and Infant Characteristics on Gastric Emptying and Breastfeeding Patterns of Term Fully Breastfed Infants |
title_short |
Effect of Human Milk Appetite Hormones, Macronutrients, and Infant Characteristics on Gastric Emptying and Breastfeeding Patterns of Term Fully Breastfed Infants |
title_full |
Effect of Human Milk Appetite Hormones, Macronutrients, and Infant Characteristics on Gastric Emptying and Breastfeeding Patterns of Term Fully Breastfed Infants |
title_fullStr |
Effect of Human Milk Appetite Hormones, Macronutrients, and Infant Characteristics on Gastric Emptying and Breastfeeding Patterns of Term Fully Breastfed Infants |
title_full_unstemmed |
Effect of Human Milk Appetite Hormones, Macronutrients, and Infant Characteristics on Gastric Emptying and Breastfeeding Patterns of Term Fully Breastfed Infants |
title_sort |
effect of human milk appetite hormones, macronutrients, and infant characteristics on gastric emptying and breastfeeding patterns of term fully breastfed infants |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Nutrients |
issn |
2072-6643 |
publishDate |
2016-12-01 |
description |
Human milk (HM) components influence infant feeding patterns and nutrient intake, yet it is unclear how they influence gastric emptying (GE), a key component of appetite regulation. This study analyzed GE of a single breastfeed, HM appetite hormones/macronutrients and demographics/anthropometrics/body composition of term fully breastfed infants (n = 41, 2 and/or 5 mo). Stomach volumes (SV) were calculated from pre-/post-feed ultrasound scans, then repeatedly until the next feed. Feed volume (FV) was measured by the test-weigh method. HM samples were analyzed for adiponectin, leptin, fat, lactose, total carbohydrate, lysozyme, and total/whey/casein protein. Linear regression/mixed effect models were used to determine associations between GE/feed variables and HM components/infant anthropometrics/adiposity. Higher FVs were associated with faster (−0.07 [−0.10, −0.03], p < 0.001) GE rate, higher post-feed SVs (0.82 [0.53, 1.12], p < 0.001), and longer GE times (0.24 [0.03, 0.46], p = 0.033). Higher whey protein concentration was associated with higher post-feed SVs (4.99 [0.84, 9.13], p = 0.023). Longer GE time was associated with higher adiponectin concentration (2.29 [0.92, 3.66], p = 0.002) and dose (0.02 [0.01, 0.03], p = 0.005), and lower casein:whey ratio (−65.89 [−107.13, −2.66], p = 0.003). FV and HM composition influence GE and breastfeeding patterns in term breastfed infants. |
topic |
human milk term breastfed infants gastric emptying feeding frequency ultrasound stomach volumes appetite hormones macronutrients feed volume anthropometrics body composition |
url |
http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/9/1/15 |
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